RENAISSANCE IN KERALA: Women and Social Change :KERALA PSC SHORT NOTES

Hello reader,
In this post we will discuss briefly about famous women who contributed to Renaissance in Kerala . Hope it will be useful.

 

 
Parvati Nenmenimangalam
Activist for the social reform of the Namboothiri women.
Parvathy Nilayangod, Parvathy Manazhi, Arya Pallam and Neeli Mangalass were other famous women activists worked for Nambooothiri women.

Lalithambika Antharjanam
author and social reformer; novel, Agnisakshi (1976) won the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award and Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1977
Autobiography : Aathmakadhakkoru Aamukham.

K.Devayani: 
Leader of  Karivalloor Struggle.

Karthyaniamma:
The leading lady of the Tholviraku Samaram.

Accamma Cheriyan  :
Leader in the agitation against C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyyar. Organized  a mass rally from Thampanoor to the Kowdiar Palace of the Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.
Organized the Desasevika Sangh (Female Volunteer Crops).
 Mahatma Gandhi named her as the Jhansi of Travancore.

Kaumudi Teacher
Activist of Bhoodaan movement.

A.V.Kuttimalu Amma
Freedom fighter  who  went  to  jail  with  her  two  month  old  bay due to participation in the civil disobedience movement. She was the Director of Mathrubhumi.

Margaret Pavamani:
President of the Kerala Mahila Desa Sevika Sangham; an organization for carrying on nationalist work and serving the cause of women.

Thottekkattu Madhavi Amma:
President of the first exclusive women session of the NSS in 1929.

Koothattukulam Mary :
Freedom fighter; Veteran CPI Leader; Autobiography: Kanaleriyum Kalam.

Lalitha Prabhu:
Famous activist of Kerala Mahila Desa Sevika Sangh'. Participated in disobedient movement. British govt imprisoned her and ordered to surrender all jewel including Thali.


Anna Chandy :
The first female judge in India and also the first woman in India to become a high court judge.  Autobiography : -Atmakatha

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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA: Important Leaders : KERALA PSC SHORT NOTES

Hello reader,
This post discuss about famous leaders of Renaissance in Kerala. Details about each leader is given in as brief as possible. Hope it will be useful.

 INDEX

1. Thycaud Ayya (1814 -1909)
2. Ayya Vaikundar (1820-1851)
3. Brahmananda Swami Shivayogi (1852-1929)
4. Chattambi Swamikal (1853 -1924)
5. Sree Narayana Guru(1856-1928)
6. Dr Palpu (1863 -1950)
7. Ayyathan Gopalan (1863- 1949)
8. G. P. Pillai (1864–1903)
9. Ayyankali (1866-1941)
10. C Krishnan / Mithavadi Krishnan (1867-)
11. Kumaran Ashan ( 1873 – 1924)
12. Vakkom Moulavi (1873 -1932)
13. Moorkkothu Kumaran (1874- 1941)
14. Poykayil Yohannan /Poyakayil Appachan/ Kumara Guru (1878 -1939)
15. Mannathu Padmanabhan (1878 - 1970)
16. Pandit Karuppan (1885- 1938)
17. T. K. Madhavan (1885—1930) 
18. K P Keshava Menon (1886-1978) 
19.  K Kelappan (1889-1971)
20. VT Bhattatiripad (1896 -1982)
21. A K Gopalan (1904-1977)
22. P Krishnapillai (1906 - 1948)
23. Kuriakose Elias Chavara(1805 - 1871)
24. Mampuram Thangal (1752-1845)
25. Sahodaran Ayyappan (1889-1968)
26. Pampady John Joseph(1887-1940)
27. Makthi Thangal (1847-1912) 
28. C V Kunjuraman (1871- 1949) 
29. Velukkutty Arayan (1894-1969)
30. Kuroor Neelakandan Nambhoothirippad (1896- 1981) 
31. T R Krishna swami Iyer (1890 -1935)
32. Swami Ananda Theerthan (1905 - 1987)

Thycaud Ayya (1814 -1909)

• Guru of Ayya Vaikundan, Sri Narayana Guru , Chattampi Swamikal and Ayyankali.
• Born in Madras
• His original name was Subharayan.
• First social reformer. He started "Panthibhojanam" (inter-dining) in Kerala
• Famous saying: "intha ulakathile oru jaathi oru matham oru kadavul"
• Founder of famous ” Saiva Prakasha Sabha” of chalai,Trivandrum  .

Ayya Vaikundar (1820-1851)
Worked for the upliftment of the Dalit Hindus.
He is referred to as Sampooranathevan (Mudi sodum Perumal), a deva (a deity) according to his followers.
Founder of Samathwa Samajam, a reform movement for nadar community.

Brahmananda Swami Shivayogi (1852-1929)
Founded the Ananda Maha Sabha and Anandamatham (religion of bliss)
Founded the Asramam  at Alathur in Palghat district
Condemned  caste barriers, penance,  pilgrimages,  idol  worship etc.
Works: Mokshapradipam, Anandasutram

Chattambi Swamikal (1853 -1924)

• Nair reformist
• Born in Kannammola, Trivandrum.
• Real name was Kunjan pillai.
• Literary works: Advaita Chintha paddhathi, Vedadikara Nirupanam, Pracheena Malayalam, Vedaantha Saaram etc
• Sanyasi disciples: Narayana Guru , Neelakanta Therthapada, Theerthapada Parmahamsa
• Quotation: The whole universe is one mind. Between mind and mind there is no vacuum
• Swamikal died at Panmana, Kollam. Chattambi swami memorial is also at Panmana.

Sri Narayana Guru(1856-1928)

• Father of Kerala Renaissance
• Born in Chempazhanthy in an Ezhava family (Vayalvarathu Veedu).
• The  parents  of  Sree  Narayana  Guru  were Madanasan and Kuttiyamma.
• He met Chattampi Swamikal at Aniyur temple near Chempazhanthy.
• Erected a temple to Shiva at Aruvippuram  in 1888. Last temple consecrated by Guru is at kalavancode, Alappuzha.
• S.N.D.P Yogam was founded in 1903 and Guru became the life time President and Kumaranasan as Secretary.
• The Vavoottuyogam started at Aruvippuram is considered as the predecessor of S.N.D.P. Yogam
• ‘Atmopadesh Satakam’’, ‘‘Nirvriti Panchakam’’, ‘‘ Darsanamala’’,  ‘ Jatimeemamsa ,‘Ardhanareeswara Sthothram’ , "Daiva Dasakam","Gajendra moksham vanchippattu" etc are the major litrerary works of Guru
• Guru  founded  Sarada  temple  at Varkala in 1915 and founded the Advaitasrama at Aluva on the banks of Periyar.
• Tagore met Guru at his ashram in Sivagiri in November 1922. Kumaranasan was the translator of their conversation.
• Gandhiji visited Guru at Sivagiri in 1925.
• Consecrated a mirror,with the message “Om shanti”, in a temple in Kalavankode.
• His famous  saying was  “One  Caste, one Religion, one God for man” (gave at advaitasrama).
• Anandatheertha swamikal was the last sanyasi disciple of swamikal.
• Died in Sivagiri, Varkala.
• Only Keralite whose birthday and death anniversary are observed as holidays.

Dr Palpu (1863 -1950)
"Political father" of Ezhavas.
Born in Petta , Trivandrum
Palpu was the third signatory to the Malayali Memorial  in 1891.

Ayyathan Gopalan (1863- 1949)
Gopalan was born in Thalassery.
He started the Kozhikode branch of Brahmosamaj in 1898.
He also founded Chandavarkar Elementary School in Kozhikode to encourage education among Dalits.
He was later honored with the title 'Rao Sahib'.

Barrister G. P. Pillai (1864–1903)

Govindan Paramaswaran Pillai, commonly known as Barrister G. P. Pillai, was born in Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in an aristocratic Nair family.
The first person from Thiruvananthapuram to pass the Barrister examination.
He played a major role in the formation of Malayali Memorial in 1891.
He established the first English language newspaper in South India, the Madras Standard. He wrote many articles against the oppressive rule of Travancore Diwan CP Ramaswami Iyer.
Ayyankali (1866-1941)

• Pulaya reformer.
• Born in Venganoor, Thiruvanantapuram
• Advocated  for the  right for Pulayas to  walk  along the public roads in Travancore
• In 1907 he founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam, which later became Pulaya Maha Sabha
• Gandhiji visited Ayyankali in1934 and called him "Pulaya raja".
• He was nominated to Srimulam Prajasabha in 1910 and remained in office for 25 years.
• He was the first person from depressed classes to be nominated to Tranvancore legislative Assembly.
• Leader of first strike of Agriculture labourers in Travancore.

C Krishnan / Mithavadi Krishnan (1867-)

Started a newspaper called Mithavaadi ("Reformist") which got name as the "Bible" of the socially depressed.

Active leader of SNDP.

He was the main organiser of the Thali Road Strike against various social prejudices.

After converting to Buddhism, he campaigned to convert the Ezhavas to Buddhism. As part of it, he started Mahabodhi Buddha Mission in Kozhikode. He conducted Maha Buddha Conference in 1925 at Kozhikode. A Buddha temple was also built by him.

He was against the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted the freedom of the oppressed classes to be attained before the nation achieved freedom.

Kumaran Ashan ( 1873 – 1924)
Got title as MAHAKAVI from madras university. Kumaranasan was the only poet in Malayalam who became mahakavi without writing a mahakavyam.
Disciple of Sri Narayana Guru.
Served as SNDP Secretary
Worked in Vivekodayam Newspaper.
Joseph Mundassery called him as "Viplavathinte Sukra nakshtaram".
Redemeer was the name of boat which caused death of ashan

Vakkom Moulavi (1873 -1932)
Founder and Publisher of Swadeshabhimani, Muslim Scholar, Social leader and reformer.
Father of Muslim Renaissance
Publications:The Muslim 1906 ,Al-Islam(1918) and Deepika(1931).
Moorkkothu Kumaran (1874- 1941)started publishing an educational journal named 'Vidyalayam' and was also the first editor of 'Deepam' magazine
Poykayil Yohannan /Poyakayil Appachan/ Kumara Guru (1878 -1939)
Born in Eraviperoor, Pathanamthitta.
Famous Dalit activist, poet and founder of Pratyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha(PRDS): founded in1909)


Mannathu Padmanabhan (1878 - 1970)
Founded Nair Service Society 1n 1914
Born in Perunna, Changanacherry.
First president of Travancore Devaswam Board.
Involved in Vaikom Satyagraha, Guruvayoor Satyagraha, Indian National Congress and Vimochana Samaram
He was honored with the title Bharata Kesari by the President of India
Mannam Memorial is located in changanacherry.
Sardar KM Panikker praised him as "Madan Mohan Malaviya of Kerala."
Autobiography : Ente Jeevitha smaranakal


Swami Vagbhatananda (1885-1939)
Founder of the Atmavidya Sangham,  a group of professionals and intellectuals who sought change.
Born in Thiyya community.
Sivayoga Vilasam is the famous magazine started by vagbhatananda.
""Awake remember the creator Arise and fight against injustice"" -- was the message printed in front page of the magazine

Pandit Karuppan (1885- 1938)
Known as Lincoln of Kerala.
Born in Cheranallor, ernakulam in Dheevara community.
His famous work Jaathi kummy,'Balakalesham' and 'Udyanavirunnu' were against untouchability..
Kerala Varma Valiya Koi Thamburan conferred the title of "Vidwan" in 1913.
Kochin Maharaja gave title as "Kavithilakan".
Founder of Araya Samajam.

T. K. Madhavan (1885—1930)
 
Social reformer, journalist and active member of Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP)
Involved in Vaikkom Sathyagraha.
He met Gandhi at Tirunelveli, and persuaded him to  support vaikkom sathyagraha.
A monument was raised in his honor at Chettikulangara.



K P Keshava Menon (1886-1978)
He was born in Tharoor village of Palakkad as the grandson of the Maharajah of Palghat and as the son of Bhiman Achan.
He was a member of the Home Rule League under Annie Besant.
He was the founder of Mathrubhumi, a popular daily newspaper which earned the second place in circulation in Kerala.

K Kelappan (1889-1971)
K. Kelappan was a founding member and president of Nair Service Society.
He is also known as Kerala Gandhi.
After independence he left the Congress Party and joined the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party and was elected to Parliament from the

Ponnani Lok Sabha seat in 1952.
He worked for unification of Kerala into a new linguistic state.

VT Bhattatiripad (1896 -1982)
Key figure in removing castism and conservatism from the Namboothiri community.
Famous Work: Adukkalayilninnum arangathekku
Autobiography: kannerum Kinavum.

A K Gopalan (1904-1977)
Ayillyath Kuttiari Gopalan , popularly known as A. K. Gopalan or AKG, was an Indian communist leader and first leader of opposition in India.
His autobiography In the Cause of the People has been translated into many languages. His other works include For Land, Around the World, Work in Parliament, and Collected Speeches, all in Malayalam.

P Krishnapillai (1906 - 1948)
Kerala's First Communist, Founder of the Communist movement in Kerala.
In 1931 he became the first non Namputhiri Brahmin (he was from Nair Community of Kerala) to ring the temple bell of the Guruvayoor temple.
Kuriakose Elias Chavara(1805 - 1871)

• Born in kainakari, Kuttanad
• Beatified     8 February 1986, Kottayam by Pope John Paul II
• Canonized :23 November 2014, Rome by Pope Francis
• Major shrine :St. Joseph's Syro-Malabar Dayra Church, Mannanam, Kottayam
• He played a major role in educating the people of the lower ranks of society.
• Founder of Nasrani Deepika 1846 from  St Joseph Press, the first Malayali press.
• In 1864, while he was serving as the Vicar General of Syrian Catholics, he ordered to start a school along with every church (palli) which was successful in making free education available for everyone. Thus schools in Kerala came to be known as pallikudam.
• He founded an Indian religious congregation for men, now known as the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate. (CMI)
• He founded, the Congregation of the Mother of Carmel, the first religious congregation for women in 1866 (CMC)
  
  
  Mampuram Thangal (1752-1845)
   Yemeni Islamic scholar who settled at Mambaram
  Inspiration behind major mophla outrages like Eranad riot (1836 , 1837), Paruthan Riot
  
  Sahodaran Ayyappan (1889-1968)
  
  Followers of Sree Narayana Guru.
  Brain behind Yukthivadi journal.
  Founded Sahodara Sangham for Ezhavas and Vidhya Poshini.
  Renaissance leader who became minister in travancore -cochin.
  Started the concept of Misra bhojanam.
  No Caste, No Religion, No God for Human-beings is his famous quote.
  Pampady John Joseph(1887-1940)
  Founder of the socio-religious movement Cheramar Mahajana sabha for Dalits.: 1921
  Joseph said Pulayars were the original inhabitants of Kerala and hence he re changed the caste name to Cheramar - which means the people of Kerala.
  Joseph initiated Sadhujan Dootan, a Magazine, in 1919, in which he wrote inspiring articles.In his famous book Cheruma Boy, Joseph questioned the Syrian Christian's  discrimination against the untouchable Christians
  
  Makthi Thangal (1847-1912)
  The first Malabar Muslim to write a book in  Malayalam named Kadora Kodaram in year 1884.
  Muslim reformer; supported western education.
  
  C V Kunjuraman (1871- 1949)
  Born in Kollam.
  Kunjuraman was a journalist, reformer, advocate and writer.
  He was an organiser of Samudaya Parishkara Sabha which took place at Paravoor in 1904.
  He also conducted Matha Parivarthana Prakshobham in 1936.
  He was also the founder of Kerala Kaumudi, one of the major newspapers in Kerala. Ragaparinamam, Ente Sreekovil, Panchavadi  and India Charitra Sangraham are his major books.
  
  Velukkutty Arayan (1894-1969)
  Founder of Araya mahajana karayogam.
  Participated in Vaikkom Sathyagraham
  
  
  Kuroor Neelakandan Nambhoothirippad (1896- 1981)
  He was a reformer and journalist.
  He founded the newpaper Lokamanyan in 1920.
  He was one of the founding directors of Mathrubhumi newspaper.
  He took part in Vaikom Satyagraha.
  He opened the Pavakkulam temple, which used to be managed by his family, to the untouchables during the temple entry movement.
  
  T R Krishna swami Iyer (1890 -1935)
  Known as untouchable Brahmin.
  
  Swami Ananda Theerthan (1905 - 1987)
  His real name was Ananda Shenoy.
  He was close to Sree Narayana Guru and worked against casteism.
  He assumed his new name at Sarada temple at Sivagiri in 1928.
  He established Sree Narayana School in Payyannur in 1931.
  He promoted intercast-marriage through the Jathinashini Sabha, founded in 1933
  
  How was the post?? Was it Informative? Wanna add anything? feel free to comment.!! :)

I am grateful to all readers who pointed out small bugs in this article and made it more refined. :)



 

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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA : Social welfare schemes and Measures.

Hello Reader,

In this post we  discuss about  various social welfare schemes and measures launched by Government of India.

TOPICS

1. Integrated Child development Scheme  ICDS (1975)
2. Rural-Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)  -1983
3. Jawahar rozgar yojana (1989)
4. National Rural Development Programme (NRDP)  1992
5. Mahila Samridhi Yojana(1993)
6. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana  PMRY  - 1993
7. Indira Awas Yojana IAY (1996)
8. Balika Samriddhi Yojana (1997)
9. Kudumbashree (1998)
10. Antyodaya Anna Yojana(2000)
11. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana(2001)
12. valmiki ambedkar awas yojana (2001)
13. National food for work Programme( 2004)
14. Bharat Nirmaan (2005)
15. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005)
16. Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana: PMAGY (2009)

Integrated Child development Scheme  ICDS (1975)

• To provide food, preschool education, and primary healthcare to children under  6 years of age and their mothers through anganavadi centers.
• For nutritional purposes ICDS provides 300 kcal (with 8-10 grams of protein) every day to every child below 6 years of age.For adolescent girls it is up to 500 kcal with up to 25 grams of protein everyday.

Rural-Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)  -1983

 To guarantee employment to at least one member of every landless household up to 100 days in a year ;
 creating durable assets for strengthening the infrastructure so as to meet the growing requirements of the rural economy.

Jawahar rozgar yojana (1989)

• To provide 90-100 days employment.
• implemented at end of Seventh Fifth year plan
• Central state contribution was in 80:20 ratio.
• Combination of NREP (National Rural Employment Program) and RLEGP (Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program).

National Rural Development Programme (NRDP)  1992
NRDP is managed by a team of professionals from NGO background  striving to achieve excellence in NGO service delivery.

Mahila Samridhi Yojana(2 october 1993)

• With the objective of providing economic security to the rural women.
• the rural women of 18 years of above age can open their saving account in the rural post office of their own area with a minimum Rs. 4 or its multiplier.
•  On the amount not withdrawn for 1 year, 25% of the deposited amount is given to the depositor by the government in the form of encouragement amount(max 300 Rs.)
• Stopped in 1997.

Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana  PMRY  - 1993

• self-Employment to learned jobless Youth in the country by starting seven lakhs micro ventures.
• Age: Between eighteen to forty years , Permanent occupant of the region for minimum of three 3 years Document such as Ration Card.

Indira Awas Yojana IAY (1996)

A social welfare programme to provide housing for the rural poor.
Under the scheme, financial assistance worth Rs.70,000/- in plain areas and Rs.75,000/ in difficult areas.
The houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife.
cost shares between the Central Government and the State Government in the 75%:25% ratio

Balika Samriddhi Yojana (1997)

•  To change negative family and community attitudes towards the girl child at birth and towards her mother.
•     To improve enrolment and retention of girl children in schools.
•     To raise the age at marriage of girls.
•     To assist the girl to undertake income generating activities

100% central sponsered
    Girls born after 15th August 1997 to families living below the Poverty Line are eligible for this scheme.
    A maximum of two daughters in a family can benefit from this scheme.
    The scheme will pay annual scholarships into the girl’s account, starting at INR 300 (when the girl is in Class 1) to INR 1000( when the girl in Class 10).
    The girl will receive the money on attaining 18 years of age, provided she is not married.

    I-III Rs.300/- per annum for each class
    IV Rs.500/- per annum
    V Rs.600/- per annum
    VI-VII Rs.700/- per annum for each class
     VIII Rs.800/- per annum
     IX-X Rs.1,000/- per annum for each class


Samagra Awas Yojana   SAY  1998
 Easy access to sanitation, drinking water and waste disposal


Kudumbashree (1998)

• Female oriented poverty reduction scheme
• Launched at Kottakkunnu in malappuram by Prime minister A B Vajpayee.
• The largest women movement in Asia with a membership of 41 lakhs representing equal number of families.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana(2000)

• It was launched by NDA government in 25 December 2000.
• It is on the look out for the 'poorest of the poor'  by providing them 35 kilograms of rice and wheat at Rs.3 & Rs.2 per kg. respectively.
• 1.5 crore families are benefited

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana(2001)
Aims to provide employment and food to people in rural areas who lived below the poverty line.
Combination of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Samridhi Yojana (JGSY).

valmiki ambedkar awas yojana (2001)
 facilitating the construction and up-gradation of dwelling units for urban slum dwellers living below the poverty line without adequate shelter.

National food for work Programme(14 November 2004)

 The programme is open to all rural poor who are prepared to do manual, unskilled labour. It is implemented as a centrally-sponsored scheme. Food grains are provided to the States[clarification needed] free of cost.The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on foodgrains will, however, be the responsibility of the States.
Now that the NREGA is in force, the NFFWP will be subsumed within this programme


Bharat Nirmaan (2005)
For creating basic rural infrastructure.
It comprises projects on irrigation, roads (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana), housing (Indira Awaas Yojana), water supply (National Rural Drinking Water Programme), electrification (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana) and telecommunication connectivity.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005)

• Later renamed as the "Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act" (or, MGNREGA)
• Aims to provide at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household
• whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
• If work is not provided within 15 days of applying, applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance.
• In its World Development Report 2014, the World Bank termed it a "stellar example of rural development".

Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana: PMAGY (2009)
 for the development of villages having a higher ratio of scheduled castes.
  launched by Union Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Mukul Wasnik


Hope this post was useful.. Feel free to leave your feedback..!! :)

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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA : Role of Press in Renaissance : KERALA PSC NOTES

Hello reader,

In this post we will go through the role of press in renaissance of Kerala. 

1. Rajyasamacharam :1847
2. Malayala Manorama :1888
3. Bhashaposhini :1892
4. Vivekodayam:1904
5. Swadeshabhimani: 1905
6. Kerala koumudi  : 1911 
7. Mithavadi: 1913
8. Mathrubhumi : 1922 
9. GajaKesary :1927
10. Al- Ameen :1929
11. Yukthivadi:1929 
12. Sathyavadi :1934 
13. Chandrika :1934
14. Pradeepam
15. Prabhatam

Rajyasamacharam: 1847

• ‘Rajyasamacharam’ served as the beginning of journalism in Kerala.
• It was published from Illikkunnu, Thalassery and started by missionaries of Basel Mission.
• ‘Paschimodayam" was a malayalam magazine started by the Basel Mission to familiarize the malayalees with the history and geography of the Europe and progress and development achieved in Europe in the fields of administration and science.

Malayala Manorama :1888
It holds a position as the fifth most circulating newspaper in the world.
It is the fourth largest circulating newspapers in India.
Largest circulating newspaper in Kerala.

Bhashaposhini :1892
It is one of the oldest Malayalam literary review magazines.
The founder editor was Kandathil Varugheese Mappillai.

Vivekodayam:1904
Malayalam literary journal established to serve as a voice of the Ezhavas and SNDP.
Popularly referred to as the Ezhava Gazette
It was founded by Kumaran Asan under the inspiration of Swami Vivekananda.
Asan's criticized three contemporary Mahakavyam's Chitrayogam by Vallathol, Umakeralam by Ulloor and Rugmangadacharitam by Pandalam Kerala Varma for blindly following Sanskrit norms, through Vivekodayam.


Swadeshabhimani: 1905
A newspaper published in Travancore, which was banned and confiscated by the Government of Travancore in 1910 due to its criticisms against the Diwan of Travancore, P.Rajagopalachari.
Founder : Vakkom Moualvi
Editors: C P Govinda Pillai, after him Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai.


Kerala koumudi  : 1911
Founded by C. V. Kunhiraman


Mithavadi: 1913
Founder: C Krishnan
Mithavadi was the "Bible" of the socially depressed. Published for the first time, the famous poem by the Sri Kumaranasan, the ‘Veenapoovu’

C Krishnan organised "Thali Road Strike".
He was also the founder of Calicut Bank in 1909
He started Mahabodhi Buddha Mission and campaigned to convert the Ezhavas to Buddhism. 


Mathrubhumi : 1923
founded by K. P. Kesava Menon

Gajakesari :1927
‘Gajakesari’ was a magazine published  by Swami Guruprasad, disciple of Sree Narayana Guru, with the financial assistance of Burman Malayalees. Moorkoth Kumaran was the editor of this magazine.

Al- Ameen :1929
Founded by Muhammad Abdur Rahiman.
The paper aimed to strengthen the freedom movement and nurture nationalism among the Muslims of Malabar.
 The paper was finally close down in 1939 by the British authorities.

Yukthivadi:1929
The first rationalist/atheist journal published.
Editorial board of M. Ramavarma Thampan, C. Krishnan, C. V. Kunhiraman, Sahodaran Ayyappan and M.C. Joseph(main)

Sathyavadi :1934
Moorkoth Kumaran was the editor of the ‘satyavadi’ magazine, under the ownership of Sri M. Mandan. As a local news paper, it covered news items and editorials related to the happenings in Kannur District.

Chandrika :1934
Started by K.M. Seethi Sahib

Pradeepam: first evening newspaper in Malayalam; founded by Theruvath Raman;

Prabhatam: brought out by EMS Namboothirippad.


Feel free to leave your comments or corrections.
Thanks for  your visit.!! :)

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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Literary Figures : KERALA PSC NOTES

Hello,

In this article we will discuss about some great Literary Figures from Kerala who contributed to the   renaissance in Kerala.

The area about which Kerala PSC frequently ask questions are tried to include here.The list is incomplete. I will keep on update. You can also contribute valuable information. 

TOPICS COVERED

1. Cherusseri Namboothiri(1375 - 1475 )
2. Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan(1495-?)
3. Kunchan nambiyar (1705-1770)
4. KeralaVarma Valiya Koil Thampuran (1845 -1914)
5. O Chandu Menon (1847–99)
6. Kodungalloor Kunjikuttan Thampuran (1868 -1914)
7. Mooloor S. Padmanābha Panicker (1869 -1931)
8. Kumaran Ashan ( 1873 – 1924)
9. Vallathol Narayana Menon (1878 – 1958)
10. Pandalam Kerala Varma(1879-1919)
11. Kandathil Varghese mappilai (1857 -1904)
12. G Sankara Kurup (1901 -1976)
13. P Keshav Dev (1904-1983)
14. Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer (1908 –  1994)
15. Ponkunnam Varkey (1910-2004)
16. Changampuzha (1911-1948)
17. Thakazhi Shiva Sankara Pillai(1912-1999)
18. S K Pottekkatt (1913 -1982)

Cherusseri Namboothiri(1375 - 1475 )
Author of the famous poem Krishna Gatha, which is used for daily recitation as an act of worship of Krishna during the Malayalam month Chingam.

Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan(1495-?)
Known as the father of Malayalam language.
He translated the two Hindu epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, to Malayalam for the common man with the mingling of the Sanskrit and Dravidian languages
Ezhuthachan's other major contribution has been in establishing an (51 character) alphabet system equivalent to Sanskrit instead of Vattezhuthu, the 30-letter script of Malayalam
The highest literary honour instituted by the Kerala Government is known as the "Ezhuthachan Award"
Theekkadal Kadannu Thirumadhuram (2004) by C. Radhakrishnan: a novel written by C. Radhakrishnan that sketched Ezhuthachan’s life and journeyed through the emotions he must have gone through.

Kunchan Nambiyar (1705-1770)
Famous  Malayalam poet, performer, satirist and the inventor of  Ottamtullal

KeralaVarma Valiya Koil Thampuran (1845 -1914)
Known as KERALA KALIDASAN as he translated Kalidasa's Sakunthalam to Malayalam as Abhijnana Sakunthalam.
Another work “Mayoora Sandesham” was on the line of Kalidasa's MeghaDooth in which he has used the peacocks of Haripad temple to send his messages to his wife, the Maharani, in Trivandrum.
Visakha vijaya was another famous work.
He absorbed selected Western influences and combined with native Sanskritic elements in poetry, drama and prose!
He was a member of Royal  Parappanad Family.

O Chandu Menon (1847–99)
Recipient of prestigious Rao bahadur Award,
Wrote first Malayalam Novel with all Lakshnas, titled Indu Lekha, (First Malayalam Novel was Kundalatha written by Appu Nedumgadi)

Kodungalloor Kunjikuttan Thampuran (1868 -1914)
Known as KERALA VYASA  for his single-handed, word-by-word, metre-by-metre translation of entire Mahabharata within 874 days as Bhasha Bharatam.
Kunjikkuttan Thampuran started two literary movements in Malayalam: Paccha Malayalam (Pure Malayalam) and Puranetihasa Vivartanam . Pacha Malayalam avoided over influence of Sanskrit while Puranetihasa Vivarthanam was Translation of Itihasas and Puranas to Malayalam.
Notable works: “Pachamalayalam ,Puranithihasa vivarthanam, KaviBharatam, Ambopadesham.

Mooloor S. Padmanabha Panicker (1869 -1931)
He is known as “Sarasa Kavi”
Notable work: Kavi-Ramayanam,  deemed to be the motivational force behind the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation.
Built Mezhuveli Anandabhootheshawara Temple


Kumaran Ashan ( 1873 – 1924)
Got title as MAHAKAVI from madras university. Kumaranasan was the only poet in Malayalam who became mahakavi without writing a mahakavyam.
Disciple of Sri Narayana Guru.
Became SNDP Secretary in 1903
Worked in Vivekodayam Newspaper


Ulloor S Parameswara Iyyar (1877-1949)
One of the Triumvirate poets , along with  Ashan and Vallathol
Works: Pingala, Karnabhooshanam, Bhakthideepika.


Vallathol Narayana Menon (1878 – 1958)
Became GREAT POET after the work maha kavya Chitra Yogam
Famous work : Ente Guru Nathan
Ulloor published his mahakavya Umakeralam , the second maha kavyam in Malayalam.


Pandalam Kerala Varma(1879-1919)
The author of the first complete mahakavya in Malayalam titled Rukmamgadacharitham
He was the owner and Chief Editor of Kavana Kaumudi, the first Malayalam periodical, which was also the first to introduce special issues in Malayalam.


Kandathil Varghese mappilai (1857 -1904)
He is the founder of Bhashaposhini Sabha, ‘ Bhashaposhini’ magazine and Malayala Manorama.
‘Abrayakutty’, an independent drama, Malayalam translation of William Shaekspeare’s drama ‘Taming of the Shrew, ‘Keerthanamala were some of the contributions by him for Malayalam Literature.


G Sankara Kurup (1901 -1976)
The first winner of the Jnanpith Award, India's highest literary award, for his renowned work Odakuzhal in 1965.
With part of the prize money he established the literary award Odakkuzhal.


P Keshav Dev (1904-1983)
Central Academy award winner for “Ayalkkar”.
Autobiography:  Ethirppu
Notable works: Odayil Ninnu, Nadhi, Bhrandalayam.
One of the exponents of progressive Malayalam Literature along with Basheer and Thakazhi.

Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer (1908 –  1994)
Recipient of Padma award.
Calicut university honoured him with title of  “Doctor of letters”.

Ponkunnam Varkey (1910-2004)
Bagged Vallathol Award and Ezhuthachan Award.


Changampuzha (1911-1948)
Renowned for his work titled Ramanan which was based on the life of Edappalli Raghavan pillai.


Thakazhi Shiva Sankara Pillai(1912-1999)
Known as “Kerala Mopasang”
Recipient of Jnanapith Award for the epic  Novel “Kayar”
Also bagged Kendriya Sahitya Academy award for the novel “Chemmeen”
Kainikkara Kumara Pillai was his Guru
His work “Thottiyude makan” is considered as first new Generation Novel.
 Thakazhi (film) is a documentary on Thakazhi made by M. T. Vasudevan Nair


S K Pottekkatt (1913 -1982)
Bagged jnanpitham award for this work “Oru deshathinte Katha”
Received Kerala Sahitya Academy award for “Oru Theruvinte Katha”which was written based on the story of Mittai Theruvu (S.M. Street) in Kozhikode.

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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Socio-Religious reform Movements : KERALA PSC NOTES

Hello,

In this article we will discuss about some socio-religious movement which were emerged as part of renaissance in Kerala. Remember, this part is VERY important in any kerala PSC examination.

TOPICS COVERED:

1. Samathwa samajam:1836
2. Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam :1903
3. Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham:1906
4. Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham: 1907
5. Yoga kshema Movement: 1908
6. Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha: 1909
7. Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha : 1912
8. Nair Service Socety: 1914
9. Yukthivaadi Sangham :1935

Here we go.!!

Samathwa samajam:1836
 Ayya Vaikundar (Vaikunda swamikal) founded Samathwa samajam for reform of nadar community.

He organized SAMA PANTHI BHOJANA in each and every place of worship in the name of ANNA DHANAM.

Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam :1903
•    1903 May 15 :The S.N.D.P. Yogam came into existence  under the guidance of Sri Narayana Guru
•    1904:Its first annual session held  at Aruvippuram ,Trivandrum
•    The basic aim of  was to popularize Guru’s messages and bring about the social regeneration of the Ezhavas and other backward communities.
•    Dr. Palpu and Kumaran Asan were active leaders.
•    Some Newspapers also helped to spread Gurus’s message of social reform.
 Eg: Sujananandini NewsPaper :1891 (Published by Paravoor Kesavanasan)       Kerala Kaumudi 1911-(Started by KV Kunhiraman)Yogadaanam is a well known publication from SNDP


Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham:1906
Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi established Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham for the reform of Muslims.

Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham: 1907
Ayyankali’s Sathujana Paripalana Sangham  was established for education for Dalits with the support of government of Travancore.

Thomas Vaidyar was given the responsibility of organization correspondence.

SJPS published a monthly magazine, Sadhujana Paripalini, the first ever magazine to be brought out by the Dalit community. Kali Chodikkuruppan was the founder editor.

Later this sangham  became  Pulaya Mahasabha.

Yoga kshema Movement: 1908
Slogan:  “Make Namboothiri a human being”.

Aim: the  marriage  of  all  the  junior Namboothiri males within the community itself, to popularise the study of English and to abolish the  purdah  system  from Namboothiri females

Leaders: E.M.S. Namboothiripad and V.T.Bhattatiripad.
"Unni Namboothiri" was a famous publication from Yoga kshema Sabha.


Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha:1909
Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha ("God's Church of Visible Salvation") was a Dalit religious protest movement founded at Eraviperoor, Pathanamthitta  by Poikayil Yohannan.

The PRDS rejected both Christianity and Hinduism, and preached that God would send an incarnation to liberate the Dalits.

They spread message to leave superstitious beliefs, and to stop practicing black magic and sacrificing the animals
Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha : 1912
Fishermen community reform society.

It was organized under Pandit K P Karuppan, the "Lincoln" of Kerala"

Leaders: N Krishnan, VV Velukkuttty Arayan and rao Bahadur VV Govindan

Initially it was a small group called kalyana dayini sabha

Aim: abolish outdated customs, spread discipline, hygiene , education and freedom of movement.

Nair Service Socety: 1914
Founded by: Mannathu padmanabhan on October 31, 1914
Inspiration: “Servants of Indian Society” by GK Gokhale
Areas: Reform Nair society, abolition of Talikettukalyanam, Tirandukuli, untouchability, joint family system

Sahodara Sangham :1917
Founded by the noted Ezhava leader, K.Ayyappan(also known as Sahodaran Ayyappan) at Cherai, Kochi in 1917

Aim: eradication of the evils of caste and popularizing the idea of misra-bhojanam   among  the Ezhavas  and other  castes considered  inferior to them .

Yukthivadi Sangham  :1935
Yukthivadi Sangham was registered at Cochin M. C. Joseph as secretary and Panampilly Govinda Menon as treasurer. M C Joseph was the sole editor-publisher of "Yukthivaadi" Magazine by Sahodara Sangham.
The existing Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham (KYS) was formed at Kozikode in 1969 May Adv. M. Prabha as president and P.S. Raman Kutty as Secretary



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