Showing posts with label Career. Show all posts
Showing posts with label Career. Show all posts

Sunday, August 2

RENAISSANCE IN KERALA: Women and Social Change :KERALA PSC SHORT NOTES

Hello reader,
In this post we will discuss briefly about famous women who contributed to Renaissance in Kerala . Hope it will be useful.

http://i1.wp.com/whatsurhomestory.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/20080216163308_20071128mural.jpg?resize=800%2C533 

 
Parvati Nenmenimangalam
Activist for the social reform of the Namboothiri women.
Parvathy Nilayangod, Parvathy Manazhi, Arya Pallam and Neeli Mangalass were other famous women activists worked for Nambooothiri women.

Lalithambika Antharjanam
author and social reformer; novel, Agnisakshi (1976) won the Kendra Sahitya Akademi Award and Kerala Sahitya Akademi Award in 1977
Autobiography : Aathmakadhakkoru Aamukham.


K.Devayani: 
Leader of  Karivalloor Struggle.

Karthyaniamma:
The leading lady of the Tholviraku Samaram.

Accamma Cheriyan  :
Leader in the agitation against C.P.Ramaswamy Aiyyar. Organized  a mass rally from Thampanoor to the Kowdiar Palace of the Maharaja Chithira Thirunal Balarama Varma.
Organized the Desasevika Sangh (Female Volunteer Crops).
 Mahatma Gandhi named her as the Jhansi of Travancore.

Kaumudi Teacher
Activist of Bhoodaan movement.

A.V.Kuttimalu Amma
Freedom fighter  who  went  to  jail  with  her  two  month  old  bay due to participation in the civil disobedience movement. She was the Director of Mathrubhumi.

Margaret Pavamani:
President of the Kerala Mahila Desa Sevika Sangham; an organization for carrying on nationalist work and serving the cause of women.

Thottekkattu Madhavi Amma:
President of the first exclusive women session of the NSS in 1929.

Koothattukulam Mary :
Freedom fighter; Veteran CPI Leader; Autobiography: Kanaleriyum Kalam.

Lalitha Prabhu:

Famous activist of Kerala Mahila Desa Sevika Sangh'. Participated in disobedient movement. British govt imprisoned her and ordered to surrender all jewel including Thali.


Anna Chandy :
The first female judge in India and also the first woman in India to become a high court judge.  Autobiography : -Atmakatha

Sunday, May 10

RENAISSANCE IN KERALA: Important Leaders : KERALA PSC SHORT NOTES

Hello reader,
This post discuss about famous leaders of Renaissance in Kerala. Details about each leader is given in as brief as possible. Hope it will be useful.



 INDEX

  1. Thycaud Ayya (1814 -1909)
  2. Ayya Vaikundar (1820-1851)
  3. Brahmananda Swami Shivayogi (1852-1929)
  4. Chattambi Swamikal (1853 -1924)
  5. Sree Narayana Guru(1856-1928)
  6. Dr Palpu (1863 -1950)
  7. Ayyathan Gopalan (1863- 1949)
  8. G. P. Pillai (1864–1903)
  9. Ayyankali (1866-1941)
  10. C Krishnan / Mithavadi Krishnan (1867-)
  11. Kumaran Ashan ( 1873 – 1924)
  12. Vakkom Moulavi (1873 -1932)
  13. Moorkkothu Kumaran (1874- 1941)
  14. Poykayil Yohannan /Poyakayil Appachan/ Kumara Guru (1878 -1939)
  15. Mannathu Padmanabhan (1878 - 1970)
  16. Pandit Karuppan (1885- 1938)
  17. T. K. Madhavan (1885—1930) 
  18. K P Keshava Menon (1886-1978) 
  19.  K Kelappan (1889-1971)
  20. VT Bhattatiripad (1896 -1982)
  21. A K Gopalan (1904-1977)
  22. P Krishnapillai (1906 - 1948)
  23. Kuriakose Elias Chavara(1805 - 1871)
  24. Mampuram Thangal (1752-1845)
  25. Sahodaran Ayyappan (1889-1968)
  26. Pampady John Joseph(1887-1940)
  27. Makthi Thangal (1847-1912) 
  28. C V Kunjuraman (1871- 1949) 
  29. Velukkutty Arayan (1894-1969)
  30. Kuroor Neelakandan Nambhoothirippad (1896- 1981) 
  31. T R Krishna swami Iyer (1890 -1935)
  32. Swami Ananda Theerthan (1905 - 1987)

Thycaud Ayya (1814 -1909)

  • Guru of Ayya Vaikundan, Sri Narayana Guru , Chattampi Swamikal and Ayyankali.
  • Born in Madras
  • His original name was Subharayan.
  • First social reformer. He started "Panthibhojanam" (inter-dining) in Kerala
  • Famous saying: "intha ulakathile oru jaathi oru matham oru kadavul"
  • Founder of famous ” Saiva Prakasha Sabha” of chalai,Trivandrum  .

Ayya Vaikundar (1820-1851)
Worked for the upliftment of the Dalit Hindus.
He is referred to as Sampooranathevan (Mudi sodum Perumal), a deva (a deity) according to his followers.

Founder of Samathwa Samajam, a reform movement for nadar community.

Brahmananda Swami Shivayogi (1852-1929)
Founded the Ananda Maha Sabha and Anandamatham (religion of bliss)
Founded the Asramam  at Alathur in Palghat district
Condemned  caste barriers, penance,  pilgrimages,  idol  worship etc.
Works: Mokshapradipam, Anandasutram

Chattambi Swamikal (1853 -1924)

  • Nair reformist
  • Born in Kannammola, Trivandrum.
  • Real name was Kunjan pillai.
  • Literary works: Advaita Chintha paddhathi, Vedadikara Nirupanam, Pracheena Malayalam, Vedaantha Saaram etc
  • Sanyasi disciples: Narayana Guru , Neelakanta Therthapada, Theerthapada Parmahamsa
  • Quotation: The whole universe is one mind. Between mind and mind there is no vacuum
  • Swamikal died at Panmana, Kollam. Chattambi swami memorial is also at Panmana.

Sri Narayana Guru(1856-1928)

  • Father of Kerala Renaissance
  • Born in Chempazhanthy in an Ezhava family (Vayalvarathu Veedu).
  • The  parents  of  Sree  Narayana  Guru  were Madanasan and Kuttiyamma.
  • He met Chattampi Swamikal at Aniyur temple near Chempazhanthy.
  • Erected a temple to Shiva at Aruvippuram  in 1888. Last temple consecrated by Guru is at kalavancode, Alappuzha.
  • S.N.D.P Yogam was founded in 1903 and Guru became the life time President and Kumaranasan as Secretary.
  • The Vavoottuyogam started at Aruvippuram is considered as the predecessor of S.N.D.P. Yogam
  • ‘Atmopadesh Satakam’’, ‘‘Nirvriti Panchakam’’, ‘‘ Darsanamala’’,  ‘ Jatimeemamsa ,‘Ardhanareeswara Sthothram’ , "Daiva Dasakam","Gajendra moksham vanchippattu" etc are the major litrerary works of Guru
  • Guru  founded  Sarada  temple  at Varkala in 1915 and founded the Advaitasrama at Aluva on the banks of Periyar.
  • Tagore met Guru at his ashram in Sivagiri in November 1922. Kumaranasan was the translator of their conversation.
  • Gandhiji visited Guru at Sivagiri in 1925.
  • Consecrated a mirror,with the message “Om shanti”, in a temple in Kalavankode.
  • His famous  saying was  “One  Caste, one Religion, one God for man” (gave at advaitasrama).
  • Anandatheertha swamikal was the last sanyasi disciple of swamikal.
  • Died in Sivagiri, Varkala.
  • Only Keralite whose birthday and death anniversary are observed as holidays.

Dr Palpu (1863 -1950)
"Political father" of Ezhavas.
Born in Petta , Trivandrum
Palpu was the third signatory to the Malayali Memorial  in 1891.

Ayyathan Gopalan (1863- 1949)
Gopalan was born in Thalassery.
He started the Kozhikode branch of Brahmosamaj in 1898.
He also founded Chandavarkar Elementary School in Kozhikode to encourage education among Dalits.
He was later honored with the title 'Rao Sahib'.


Barrister G. P. Pillai (1864–1903)


Govindan Paramaswaran Pillai, commonly known as Barrister G. P. Pillai, was born in Pallippuram, Thiruvananthapuram, India, in an aristocratic Nair family.

The first person from Thiruvananthapuram to pass the Barrister examination.
He played a major role in the formation of Malayali Memorial in 1891.
He established the first English language newspaper in South India, the Madras Standard.
He wrote many articles against the oppressive rule of Travancore Diwan CP Ramaswami Iyer.
Ayyankali (1866-1941)

  • Pulaya reformer.
  • Born in Venganoor, Thiruvanantapuram
  • Advocated  for the  right for Pulayas to  walk  along the public roads in Travancore
  • In 1907 he founded the Sadhu Jana Paripalana Yogam, which later became Pulaya Maha Sabha
  • Gandhiji visited Ayyankali in1934 and called him "Pulaya raja".
  • He was nominated to Srimulam Prajasabha in 1910 and remained in office for 25 years.
  • He was the first person from depressed classes to be nominated to Tranvancore legislative Assembly.
  • Leader of first strike of Agriculture labourers in Travancore.
C Krishnan / Mithavadi Krishnan (1867-)

Started a newspaper called Mithavaadi ("Reformist") which got name as the "Bible" of the socially depressed.

Active leader of SNDP.


He was the main organiser of the Thali Road Strike against various social prejudices.

After converting to Buddhism, he campaigned to convert the Ezhavas to Buddhism. As part of it, he started Mahabodhi Buddha Mission in Kozhikode. He conducted Maha Buddha Conference in 1925 at Kozhikode. A Buddha temple was also built by him.

He was against the Indian National Congress and Mahatma Gandhi. He wanted the freedom of the oppressed classes to be attained before the nation achieved freedom.


Kumaran Ashan ( 1873 – 1924)
Got title as MAHAKAVI from madras university. Kumaranasan was the only poet in Malayalam who became mahakavi without writing a mahakavyam.
Disciple of Sri Narayana Guru.
Served as SNDP Secretary
Worked in Vivekodayam Newspaper.
Joseph Mundassery called him as "Viplavathinte Sukra nakshtaram".
Redemeer was the name of boat which caused death of ashan

Vakkom Moulavi (1873 -1932)
Founder and Publisher of Swadeshabhimani, Muslim Scholar, Social leader and reformer.
Father of Muslim Renaissance
Publications:The Muslim 1906 ,Al-Islam(1918) and Deepika(1931).

Moorkkothu Kumaran (1874- 1941)started publishing an educational journal named 'Vidyalayam' and was also the first editor of 'Deepam' magazine
Poykayil Yohannan /Poyakayil Appachan/ Kumara Guru (1878 -1939)
Born in Eraviperoor, Pathanamthitta.
Famous Dalit activist, poet and founder of Pratyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha(PRDS): founded in1909)


Mannathu Padmanabhan (1878 - 1970)
Founded Nair Service Society 1n 1914
Born in Perunna, Changanacherry.
First president of Travancore Devaswam Board.
Involved in Vaikom Satyagraha, Guruvayoor Satyagraha, Indian National Congress and Vimochana Samaram
He was honored with the title Bharata Kesari by the President of India
Mannam Memorial is located in changanacherry.
Sardar KM Panikker praised him as "Madan Mohan Malaviya of Kerala."

Autobiography : Ente Jeevitha smaranakal


Swami Vagbhatananda (1885-1939)
Founder of the Atmavidya Sangham,  a group of professionals and intellectuals who sought change.
Born in Thiyya community.

Sivayoga Vilasam is the famous magazine started by vagbhatananda.
""Awake remember the creator Arise and fight against injustice"" -- was the message printed in front page of the magazine

Pandit Karuppan (1885- 1938)
Known as Lincoln of Kerala.
Born in Cheranallor, ernakulam in Dheevara community.
His famous work Jaathi kummy,
'Balakalesham' and 'Udyanavirunnu' were against untouchability..
Kerala Varma Valiya Koi Thamburan conferred the title of "Vidwan" in 1913.
Kochin Maharaja gave title as "Kavithilakan".

Founder of Araya Samajam.

T. K. Madhavan (1885—1930)

 

Social reformer, journalist and active member of Sree Narayana Dharma Paripalana (SNDP)
Involved in Vaikkom Sathyagraha.
He met Gandhi at Tirunelveli, and persuaded him to  support vaikkom sathyagraha.
A monument was raised in his honor at Chettikulangara.




K P Keshava Menon (1886-1978)

He was born in Tharoor village of Palakkad as the grandson of the Maharajah of Palghat and as the son of Bhiman Achan.
He was a member of the Home Rule League under Annie Besant.
He was the founder of Mathrubhumi, a popular daily newspaper which earned the second place in circulation in Kerala.

K Kelappan (1889-1971)

K. Kelappan was a founding member and president of Nair Service Society.
He is also known as Kerala Gandhi.
After independence he left the Congress Party and joined the Kisan Mazdoor Praja Party and was elected to Parliament from the

Ponnani Lok Sabha seat in 1952.
He worked for unification of Kerala into a new linguistic state.

VT Bhattatiripad (1896 -1982)
Key figure in removing castism and conservatism from the Namboothiri community.

Famous Work: Adukkalayilninnum arangathekku
Autobiography: kannerum Kinavum.

A K Gopalan (1904-1977)
Ayillyath Kuttiari Gopalan , popularly known as A. K. Gopalan or AKG, was an Indian communist leader and first leader of opposition in India.
His autobiography In the Cause of the People has been translated into many languages. His other works include For Land, Around the World, Work in Parliament, and Collected Speeches, all in Malayalam.

P Krishnapillai (1906 - 1948)
Kerala's First Communist, Founder of the Communist movement in Kerala.
In 1931 he became the first non Namputhiri Brahmin (he was from Nair Community of Kerala) to ring the temple bell of the Guruvayoor temple.

Kuriakose Elias Chavara(1805 - 1871)

  • Born in kainakari, Kuttanad
  • Beatified     8 February 1986, Kottayam by Pope John Paul II
  • Canonized :23 November 2014, Rome by Pope Francis
  • Major shrine :St. Joseph's Syro-Malabar Dayra Church, Mannanam, Kottayam
  • He played a major role in educating the people of the lower ranks of society.
  • Founder of Nasrani Deepika 1846 from  St Joseph Press, the first Malayali press.
  • In 1864, while he was serving as the Vicar General of Syrian Catholics, he ordered to start a school along with every church (palli) which was successful in making free education available for everyone. Thus schools in Kerala came to be known as pallikudam.
  • He founded an Indian religious congregation for men, now known as the Carmelites of Mary Immaculate. (CMI)
  • He founded, the Congregation of the Mother of Carmel, the first religious congregation for women in 1866 (CMC)


    Mampuram Thangal (1752-1845)
     Yemeni Islamic scholar who settled at Mambaram
    Inspiration behind major mophla outrages like Eranad riot (1836 , 1837), Paruthan Riot

    Sahodaran Ayyappan (1889-1968)

    Followers of Sree Narayana Guru.
    Brain behind Yukthivadi journal.
    Founded Sahodara Sangham for Ezhavas and Vidhya Poshini.
    Renaissance leader who became minister in travancore -cochin.
    Started the concept of Misra bhojanam.

    No Caste, No Religion, No God for Human-beings is his famous quote.
    Pampady John Joseph(1887-1940)
    Founder of the socio-religious movement Cheramar Mahajana sabha for Dalits.: 1921

    Joseph said Pulayars were the original inhabitants of Kerala and hence he re changed the caste name to Cheramar - which means the people of Kerala.
    Joseph initiated Sadhujan Dootan, a Magazine, in 1919, in which he wrote inspiring articles.In his famous book Cheruma Boy, Joseph questioned the Syrian Christian's  discrimination against the untouchable Christians

    Makthi Thangal (1847-1912)
    The first Malabar Muslim to write a book in  Malayalam named Kadora Kodaram in year 1884.
    Muslim reformer; supported western education.

    C V Kunjuraman (1871- 1949)
    Born in Kollam.
    Kunjuraman was a journalist, reformer, advocate and writer.
    He was an organiser of Samudaya Parishkara Sabha which took place at Paravoor in 1904.
    He also conducted Matha Parivarthana Prakshobham in 1936.
    He was also the founder of Kerala Kaumudi, one of the major newspapers in Kerala. Ragaparinamam, Ente Sreekovil, Panchavadi  and India Charitra Sangraham are his major books.

    Velukkutty Arayan (1894-1969)
    Founder of Araya mahajana karayogam.
    Participated in Vaikkom Sathyagraham


    Kuroor Neelakandan Nambhoothirippad (1896- 1981)
    He was a reformer and journalist.
    He founded the newpaper Lokamanyan in 1920.
    He was one of the founding directors of Mathrubhumi newspaper.
    He took part in Vaikom Satyagraha.
    He opened the Pavakkulam temple, which used to be managed by his family, to the untouchables during the temple entry movement.

    T R Krishna swami Iyer (1890 -1935)
    Known as untouchable Brahmin.

    Swami Ananda Theerthan (1905 - 1987)
    His real name was Ananda Shenoy.
    He was close to Sree Narayana Guru and worked against casteism.
    He assumed his new name at Sarada temple at Sivagiri in 1928.
    He established Sree Narayana School in Payyannur in 1931.
    He promoted intercast-marriage through the Jathinashini Sabha, founded in 1933


    How was the post?? Was it Informative? Wanna add anything? feel free to comment.!! :)
I am grateful to all readers who pointed out small bugs in this article and made it more refined. :)



 

Wednesday, March 25

RENAISSANCE IN KERALA : Role of Press in Renaissance : KERALA PSC NOTES



Hello reader,

In this post we will go through the role of press in renaissance of Kerala. 



  1. Rajyasamacharam :1847
  2. Malayala Manorama :1888
  3. Bhashaposhini :1892
  4. Vivekodayam:1904
  5. Swadeshabhimani: 1905
  6. Kerala koumudi  : 1911 
  7. Mithavadi: 1913
  8. Mathrubhumi : 1922 
  9. GajaKesary :1927
  10. Al- Ameen :1929
  11. Yukthivadi:1929 
  12. Sathyavadi :1934 
  13. Chandrika :1934
  14. Pradeepam
  15. Prabhatam


Rajyasamacharam: 1847



  • ‘Rajyasamacharam’ served as the beginning of journalism in Kerala.
  • It was published from Illikkunnu, Thalassery and started by missionaries of Basel Mission.
  • ‘Paschimodayam" was a malayalam magazine started by the Basel Mission to familiarize the malayalees with the history and geography of the Europe and progress and development achieved in Europe in the fields of administration and science.

Malayala Manorama :1888

It holds a position as the fifth most circulating newspaper in the world.
It is the fourth largest circulating newspapers in India.
Largest circulating newspaper in Kerala.

Bhashaposhini :1892
It is one of the oldest Malayalam literary review magazines.
The founder editor was Kandathil Varugheese Mappillai.

Vivekodayam:1904
Malayalam literary journal established to serve as a voice of the Ezhavas and SNDP.
Popularly referred to as the Ezhava Gazette
It was founded by Kumaran Asan under the inspiration of Swami Vivekananda.
Asan's criticized three contemporary Mahakavyam's Chitrayogam by Vallathol, Umakeralam by Ulloor and Rugmangadacharitam by Pandalam Kerala Varma for blindly following Sanskrit norms, through Vivekodayam.


Swadeshabhimani: 1905
A newspaper published in Travancore, which was banned and confiscated by the Government of Travancore in 1910 due to its criticisms against the Diwan of Travancore, P.Rajagopalachari.
Founder : Vakkom Moualvi
Editors: C P Govinda Pillai, after him Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai.



Kerala koumudi  : 1911
Founded by C. V. Kunhiraman



Mithavadi: 1913
Founder:
C Krishnan
Mithavadi
was the "Bible" of the socially depressed.
Published for the first time, the famous poem by the Sri Kumaranasan, the ‘Veenapoovu’

C Krishnan organised "Thali Road Strike".
He was also the founder of Calicut Bank in 1909

He started Mahabodhi Buddha Mission and campaigned to convert the Ezhavas to Buddhism. 


Mathrubhumi : 1923
founded by K. P. Kesava Menon

Gajakesari :1927
‘Gajakesari’ was a magazine published  by Swami Guruprasad, disciple of Sree Narayana Guru, with the financial assistance of Burman Malayalees. Moorkoth Kumaran was the editor of this magazine.

Al- Ameen :1929
Founded by Muhammad Abdur Rahiman.
The paper aimed to strengthen the freedom movement and nurture nationalism among the Muslims of Malabar.
 The paper was finally close down in 1939 by the British authorities.

Yukthivadi:1929
The first rationalist/atheist journal published.
Editorial board of M. Ramavarma Thampan, C. Krishnan, C. V. Kunhiraman, Sahodaran Ayyappan and M.C. Joseph(main)

Sathyavadi :1934
Moorkoth Kumaran was the editor of the ‘satyavadi’ magazine, under the ownership of Sri M. Mandan. As a local news paper, it covered news items and editorials related to the happenings in Kannur District.

Chandrika :1934
Started by K.M. Seethi Sahib

Pradeepam: first evening newspaper in Malayalam; founded by Theruvath Raman;

Prabhatam: brought out by EMS Namboothirippad.


Feel free to leave your comments or corrections.
Thanks for  your visit.!! :)

Sunday, March 22

RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Socio-Religious reform Movements : KERALA PSC NOTES


Hello,

In this article we will discuss about some socio-religious movement which were emerged as part of renaissance in Kerala. Remember, this part is VERY important in any kerala PSC examination.

TOPICS COVERED:

  1. Samathwa samajam:1836
  2. Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam :1903
  3. Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham:1906
  4. Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham: 1907
  5. Yoga kshema Movement: 1908
  6. Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha: 1909
  7. Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha : 1912
  8. Nair Service Socety: 1914
  9. Yukthivaadi Sangham :1935

Here we go.!!

Samathwa samajam:1836
 Ayya Vaikundar (Vaikunda swamikal) founded Samathwa samajam for reform of nadar community.


He organized SAMA PANTHI BHOJANA in each and every place of worship in the name of ANNA DHANAM.

Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam :1903
•    1903 May 15 :The S.N.D.P. Yogam came into existence  under the guidance of Sri Narayana Guru
•    1904:Its first annual session held  at Aruvippuram ,Trivandrum
•    The basic aim of  was to popularize Guru’s messages and bring about the social regeneration of the Ezhavas and other backward communities.
•    Dr. Palpu and Kumaran Asan were active leaders.
•    Some Newspapers also helped to spread Gurus’s message of social reform.
 Eg: Sujananandini NewsPaper :1891 (Published by Paravoor Kesavanasan)       Kerala Kaumudi 1911-(Started by KV Kunhiraman)
Yogadaanam is a well known publication from SNDP


Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham:1906
Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi established Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham for the reform of Muslims.


Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham: 1907
Ayyankali’s Sathujana Paripalana Sangham  was established for education for Dalits with the support of government of Travancore.

Thomas Vaidyar was given the responsibility of organization correspondence.

SJPS published a monthly magazine, Sadhujana Paripalini, the first ever magazine to be brought out by the Dalit community. Kali Chodikkuruppan was the founder editor.

Later this sangham  became  Pulaya Mahasabha.

Yoga kshema Movement: 1908
Slogan:  “Make Namboothiri a human being”.


Aim: the  marriage  of  all  the  junior Namboothiri males within the community itself, to popularise the study of English and to abolish the  purdah  system  from Namboothiri females

Leaders: E.M.S. Namboothiripad and V.T.Bhattatiripad.
"Unni Namboothiri" was a famous publication from Yoga kshema Sabha.


Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha:1909
Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha ("God's Church of Visible Salvation") was a Dalit religious protest movement founded at Eraviperoor, Pathanamthitta  by Poikayil Yohannan.

The PRDS rejected both Christianity and Hinduism, and preached that God would send an incarnation to liberate the Dalits.

They spread message to leave superstitious beliefs, and to stop practicing black magic and sacrificing the animals
Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha : 1912
Fishermen community reform society.

It was organized under Pandit K P Karuppan, the "Lincoln" of Kerala"

Leaders: N Krishnan, VV Velukkuttty Arayan and rao Bahadur VV Govindan

Initially it was a small group called kalyana dayini sabha

Aim: abolish outdated customs, spread discipline, hygiene , education and freedom of movement.

Nair Service Socety: 1914
Founded by: Mannathu padmanabhan on October 31, 1914
Inspiration: “Servants of Indian Society” by GK Gokhale
Areas: Reform Nair society, abolition of Talikettukalyanam, Tirandukuli, untouchability, joint family system

Sahodara Sangham :1917
Founded by the noted Ezhava leader, K.Ayyappan(also known as Sahodaran Ayyappan) at Cherai, Kochi in 1917

Aim: eradication of the evils of caste and popularizing the idea of misra-bhojanam   among  the Ezhavas  and other  castes considered  inferior to them .


Yukthivadi Sangham  :1935
Yukthivadi Sangham was registered at Cochin M. C. Joseph as secretary and Panampilly Govinda Menon as treasurer. M C Joseph was the sole editor-publisher of "Yukthivaadi" Magazine by Sahodara Sangham.
The existing Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham (KYS) was formed at Kozikode in 1969 May Adv. M. Prabha as president and P.S. Raman Kutty as Secretary



I Hope this post was Useful.
Kindly leave your feedback.!!!

Or If you want to add any relevant data feel free to comment here..!!



RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Struggles and Social Revolts : KERALA PSC NOTES




RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Struggles and Social Revolts





Hello reader,

In this post we will discuss some of the struggles and social revolts happened as  part of renaissance in Kerala. 

Short notes on following events are provided in this post:


  1. Kurichya Revolt : 1812
  2. Shanar Agitation: 1859
  3. Pandara  Pattam  Proclamation:1865
  4. Malayali memorial : 1891
  5. Ezhava Memorial :1896
  6. Malabar Rebellion(Moplah Rebellion) :1921
  7. Wagon tragedy :1921
  8. Students' agitation: 1922
  9. Vaikom Satyagraham :1924
  10. Guruvayoor Stayagraham: 1931-1932
  11. Yachana Yathra :1931
  12. Nivarthana Agitation: 1932
  13. Electricity Agitation  :1936
  14. PattiniJatha :1936
  15. Kuttamkulam Struggle :1946
  16. Punnapra Vayalar Upheaval :1946
  17. Paliyam Satyagraham 1948

Kurichya Revolt : 1812

Protest from  Kurichiyas  and Kurumbars of Wynad against  the  British  Government’s  policy  of collecting revenue  from  them  in cash  rather than  in  kind.

 
Shanar Agitation: 1859


The Shanars of South Travancore agitated for their women  to get the same rights to dress as women from upper sections of the Hindus.(Breast cloth agitation).
Col.  Munro permitted  Shanar  women, who converted  to Christianity, to cover their bodies with Kuppayams.
Eventually  the Royal Proclamation of July26, 1859, abolished all restrictions on covering of the upper parts by Shanar women


Pandara  Pattam  Proclamation:1865
 

-    Known as “the Magnacarta  of  the  Travancore  ryots(farmers)”
-    It conferred proprietary rights of Sirkar  Pattam lands to  the holders.

Malayali memorial : 1891

•    Aim: To protest against  the  Government’s policy  to import outside persons,  particularly Tamil Brahmins,  for important posts in the public services even when persons with similar qualifications were available inside the State.
•    G.Parameswaran  Pillai  (Barrister G.P.Pillai),  R.Ranga  Rao and  N.Raman Pillai were  the master brains of this movement. They were expelled from the Maharaja’s College, Trivandrum, in 1882 under suspicion of raising word against Government’s job policy.
•    A memorandum signed  by  10,028  persons from all castes was submitted to the Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal on January 1, 1891 requested  to secure jobs for the educated Keralaites in the Travancore civil service.
 
  • "Travancore for Travancoreans " slogan is related with Malayali memorial.
  • Chenkotta Ramayyar took initiative to file in favour of Brahmins and against Malayali memorial

Ezhava Memorial(1896)
-     The Ezhavas and  other backward  communities  were denied  the admission  to Government  schools  or   public services
-    Ezhava community under the leadership of  Dr.Palpu  submitted  a memorial to the Maharaja in 1896 to get same privileges for Ezhavas which were being enjoyed  by  Ezhavas who converted to Christianity.
-    Upon receiving negative response , they submitted  second “Ezhava Memorial” to  Lord  Curzon,  the Viceroy  of India, during his visit to Trivandrum in 1900. This memorial also faced failure. 


Malabar Rebellion(Moplah Rebellion) :1921

Malabar Rebellion  was an armed uprising by Mappila Muslims in 1921 against British authority and Hindus in Malabar.


  • Malabar agriculture system was in this hierarchy :  (1)The Jenmi( Nambudiri Brahmins and Nambiar chieftains) were in highest level with hereditary land grants by the Naduvazhis (2) Kanikkaran (Nairs) : for the security and supervision of the land and (3) Verumpattakkaran (Mappilas) who cultivates land for one year lease called verum pattam.
  • The 1921 rebellion began as a reaction against a restriction by the British authorities on the Khilafat Movement in the Eranad and Valluvanad taluks .
  • The police attempt to arrest Vadakkevittil Muhammed, the secretary of the Khilafat Committee, rumor about attack on Mambaram mosque in Tirurangadi were some other reasons for riots.
  • The largely kudiyaan (tenant) Mappilas  attacked , forcibly converted and killed jenmi families.They also attacked and took control of police stations, British government offices, courts and government treasuries.
  • The most prominent leaders of the rebellion were Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, Sithi Koya Thangal and Ali Musliyar
Wagon tragedy :1921
The Wagon tragedy was the death of 67 prisoners who had been taken into custody following Mappila Rebellion.


  • Almost 90 detained Muslim rebels were dispatched by train from Tanur to the Podanur Central Prison. As Podanur jail was found to be full  orders were given to take back the prisoners.
     
  •  During the return journey, 67 of the 90 rebels suffocated  to death in the closed iron wagon.
  • Historian Sumit Sarkar referred to it as the "Black Hole of Podanur"

Students' agitation: 1922
Students came forward  to oppose a fee hike.  The agitation was  strongly supported by the 'Swarad' paper of A.K.  Pillai

Vaikom Satyagraham :1924
Aim: To get approach  roads  to  the  Vaikam  temple opened  for  Hindu avarnas.
Started on 1924 March 30.

Leaders: T.K.Madhavan,  K.P.KesavaMenon,  Mannath  Padmanabhan, Changanacherry  Parameswaran  Pillai, C.V.Kunhiraman  and  K.Kelappan .

Highlight: Savarna Jatha (by Mannath Padmanabhan) came  to  Trivandrum  and submitted their demand before the Regent Setu Lakshmi Bai.

Gandhi  visited Travancore and discussed with the Rani  and also met Sri.Narayana Guru at Varkala. 

After 20  month old struggle,  the Satyagraha  finally  ended  in success  in  1925 and  approach roads  to the temple were  formally opened  to  all  castes!!

Civil disobedience movement : 1930
Kerala also involved actively in nationwide  Civil disobedience movement invoked by Gandhiji.

  • Salt Satyagraha started at Payyannur under the leadership of K. Kelappan  on April 21, 1930. Mohammad Abdur Rahiman, K. Madhavan Nair, P. Krishnapillai and R.V. Sharma led the Satyagraha at Kozhikode.
  • Civil disobedience movement came to an end  after Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on March 4, 1931
  • The resumption of civil disobedience movement in 1932, created a strong response in Kerala. When the movement was withdrawn in 1934, a section of congress workers led by  E.M. Sankaran Nambudiripad and P. Krishna Pillai joined the Congress Socialist party.

Guruvayoor Stayagraha: 1931- 1932
Aim: to get the Guruvayur temple, Ponnani taluk, Thrissur  opened  to  all  Hindus  
Satyagrha  Was started under auspices of  Kerala  Provincial Congress .

The  leader  of  the Satyagraha was K.Kelappan who entered indefinite fast

 Captain of  Volunteer  Corps was A.K.Gopalan.

 T.Subramanian Tirumumbu was the captain of the temple  entry  campaign

P.Krishna  Pillai was  brutally assaulted  for ringing a bell in temple.

Guruvayur  Satyagraha failed  to  achieve  its immediate objective, but  helped to create a climate  against untouchability.

Yachana Yathra :1931

Yachana Yathra was led by V.T. Bhattathirippadu in 1931 from Trichur to Chandragiri river which lasted for seven days.

This begging march was for the education of poor children.

Nivarthana Agitation: 1932
Ezhavas, Christians and Muslims demanded for representation in the Legislature in proportion to their numerical strength.

 Travancore Diwan Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer tried to suppress the agitation.

Agitators formed Samyukta  Rashtriya  Samiti and requested the voters to abstain from voting
( Abstention movement).

Kerala Kesari was the mouth piece of Abstention movement.

New electoral  law giving reservation for minorities was formally announced by the Government in August  1936.

Leaders :N.V.Joseph,  T.M.Varghese  and C.Kesavan

Electricity Agitation  :1936
 Protest  against  the  decision of Diwan Sir R.K.Shanmukham  Chetti  to  entrust  the distribution of the electric power in the town to private company

Leaders were  E.Ikkanda  Warrier  and Dr.A.R.Menon.

PattiniJatha :1936

PattiniJatha’ was led by A.K. Gopalan in July 1936 from Kannur to Chennai. There were 32 persons in the March.

Temple Entry Proclamation : 1936
Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma, the Maharaja of Travancore, issued Temple Entry Proclamation on  November  12,  1936.

Gandhiji hailed it as “a micracle of modern  times” and  “a  smriti  which  is  the people’s charter of spiritual emancipation”

The  Temple  Entry Authorisation Proclamation V of (1947-48) issued by the Maharaja of Cochin opened the  temples  in  that  State  to  all  castes.

The  Madras  Temple Entry Act of 1947 extended this reform to the Malabar area.


Kuttamkulam Struggle :1946


Kuttamkulam struggle  „Vazzhinadakkal Samaram‟; was started as a protest  against untouchability in  to the premise of the Kudalmanikyam  temple.

The caste organizations like S N D P, Samastha Cochin  Pulaya Mahasabha, the political parties like  Prajamandalam,  Labour  Organizations,  Beedi  workers  organizations
protested  against  this  injustice.  


The people united  under the leadership of  P. K. Kumaran Master, Saratha  Kumaran, K .V. Unni and P.K.Chathan Master.

Finally the untouchable’s classes got the right to walk  along  the  kuttamkulam  road!

Punnapra Vayalar Upheaval :1946

The September 1946 there occurred the  Punnapra Vayalar Upheaval against the ‘American Model’ irremovable executive.


The American Model was proposed by Sir C. P. Ramaswami Ayyar.

Paliyam Satyagraham (1948)
To get open the the road in front of the main residence of the Paliat Achan, the erstwhile hereditary Chief Minister of Cochin for Avarnas.

Even the princes of the royal families of Cochin and Kodungallur supported it.

A.G.Velayudhan , a freedom fighter ,was killed in a police lathi-charge

Meanwhile in April  1948 all temples in Cochin  were thrown open to all  Hindus,  irrespective of caste.  As a result the Avarnas  and non-  Hindus  got the right to walk along the paliyam road.




Still want to add more details?? Feel free to comment it here.!!
Knowledge has to be shared.!! :)

Thursday, March 19

RENAISSANCE IN KERALA : SHORT NOTES

Hello Reader,

In this post we will discuss some interesting events in the History of Kerala. Each event is written in short note so that it will be easy to  prepare for various  Kerala P.S.C Examinations.

Image courtesy : The Internet :)

Ready.!!! Steady!! Go.!!!


Synod (പുരോഹിതസഭ) of  Diamper  (Udayamperur) : 1599


  • The aim of this Synod  was to bring  the Christian  community  under  the  supremacy  of  the  Roman church.
  •     Alexis De Menezes, the Archbishop  of Goa, presided the synod. 
  •     The Synod scrutinized Syrian books and removed offending passages. They prohibited the use of many heretic books like “The Infancy of our Savior (The History of our Lady)”,” Book of John Barialdan
  •     The Cochin Diocese (ബിഷപ്പിന്റെ അധികാരപ്രദേശം) followed the Latin rite(അനുഷ്‌ഠാനം) and the old Syrian Diocese of Ankamali clung to the Syriac rite .


Revolt at the Coonan Cross : 1653

  • Syrians were unhappy on Portugal king’s decision to  appoint  European Latin Bishops to the Syrian diocese of Ankamali. 
  • In 1653  the Jacobite Patriarch of Babylon sent  a Bishop  named Ahatalla,  to Kerala, in  response  to  a  request  by  the  Syrians. The  Portuguese detained him  on  his  way at Mylapore .
  • The excited Syrians assembled in thousands  in  front  of  an  ancient  Cross  in Mattancherri,  tied  a  lengthy  rope  on it  and holding on to it swore that they would never more obey the Latin Archbishop or the Jesuits. This is known in history as the “Oath of the Coonan Cross”. 
  • This revolt  led to the emergence of two distinct sections among the Christians:  Pazhayakuru , the Romo-Syrians who continued to owe allegiance  to  the  Church  of  Rome, and  the Puthankuru,  the Jacobite Syrians who denounced the authority of the Pope.
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Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam :1903



  •  1903  :The S.N.D.P. Yogam came into existence  under the inspiration of Sri Narayana Guru
  •  1904:Its first annual session held  at Aruvipuram 
  •  The basic aim of the Yogam was to popularise the message of Sri Narayana Guru and bring about the social regeneration of the Ezhavas and other backward communities.
  •  Dr. Palpu and Kumaran Asan were active leaders in yogam.
  •  Some Newspapers helped to spread Narayana gurus’s message of social reform.
    •  Eg: Sujananandini NewsPaper :1891 (-    Published by Paravoor Kesavanasan)      Kerala Kaumudi 1911-(Started by KV Kunhiraman)

Sahodar Sangham :1917

 

Founded by the noted Ezhava leader, K.Ayyappan at Cherai in 1917
 

 Aim: eradication of the evils of caste and popularizing the idea of misra-bhojanam  (inter-dining)  among  the Ezhavas  and other  castes considered  inferior to them .