RENAISSANCE IN KERALA : Social welfare schemes and Measures.

Hello Reader,

In this post we  discuss about  various social welfare schemes and measures launched by Government of India.

TOPICS

1. Integrated Child development Scheme  ICDS (1975)
2. Rural-Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)  -1983
3. Jawahar rozgar yojana (1989)
4. National Rural Development Programme (NRDP)  1992
5. Mahila Samridhi Yojana(1993)
6. Prime Minister Rozgar Yojana  PMRY  - 1993
7. Indira Awas Yojana IAY (1996)
8. Balika Samriddhi Yojana (1997)
9. Kudumbashree (1998)
10. Antyodaya Anna Yojana(2000)
11. Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana(2001)
12. valmiki ambedkar awas yojana (2001)
13. National food for work Programme( 2004)
14. Bharat Nirmaan (2005)
15. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005)
16. Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana: PMAGY (2009)

Integrated Child development Scheme  ICDS (1975)

• To provide food, preschool education, and primary healthcare to children under  6 years of age and their mothers through anganavadi centers.
• For nutritional purposes ICDS provides 300 kcal (with 8-10 grams of protein) every day to every child below 6 years of age.For adolescent girls it is up to 500 kcal with up to 25 grams of protein everyday.

Rural-Landless Employment Guarantee Programme (RLEGP)  -1983

 To guarantee employment to at least one member of every landless household up to 100 days in a year ;
 creating durable assets for strengthening the infrastructure so as to meet the growing requirements of the rural economy.

Jawahar rozgar yojana (1989)

• To provide 90-100 days employment.
• implemented at end of Seventh Fifth year plan
• Central state contribution was in 80:20 ratio.
• Combination of NREP (National Rural Employment Program) and RLEGP (Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Program).

National Rural Development Programme (NRDP)  1992
NRDP is managed by a team of professionals from NGO background  striving to achieve excellence in NGO service delivery.

Mahila Samridhi Yojana(2 october 1993)

• With the objective of providing economic security to the rural women.
• the rural women of 18 years of above age can open their saving account in the rural post office of their own area with a minimum Rs. 4 or its multiplier.
•  On the amount not withdrawn for 1 year, 25% of the deposited amount is given to the depositor by the government in the form of encouragement amount(max 300 Rs.)
• Stopped in 1997.

Prime Minister's Rozgar Yojana  PMRY  - 1993

• self-Employment to learned jobless Youth in the country by starting seven lakhs micro ventures.
• Age: Between eighteen to forty years , Permanent occupant of the region for minimum of three 3 years Document such as Ration Card.

Indira Awas Yojana IAY (1996)

A social welfare programme to provide housing for the rural poor.
Under the scheme, financial assistance worth Rs.70,000/- in plain areas and Rs.75,000/ in difficult areas.
The houses are allotted in the name of the woman or jointly between husband and wife.
cost shares between the Central Government and the State Government in the 75%:25% ratio

Balika Samriddhi Yojana (1997)

•  To change negative family and community attitudes towards the girl child at birth and towards her mother.
•     To improve enrolment and retention of girl children in schools.
•     To raise the age at marriage of girls.
•     To assist the girl to undertake income generating activities

100% central sponsered
    Girls born after 15th August 1997 to families living below the Poverty Line are eligible for this scheme.
    A maximum of two daughters in a family can benefit from this scheme.
    The scheme will pay annual scholarships into the girl’s account, starting at INR 300 (when the girl is in Class 1) to INR 1000( when the girl in Class 10).
    The girl will receive the money on attaining 18 years of age, provided she is not married.

    I-III Rs.300/- per annum for each class
    IV Rs.500/- per annum
    V Rs.600/- per annum
    VI-VII Rs.700/- per annum for each class
     VIII Rs.800/- per annum
     IX-X Rs.1,000/- per annum for each class


Samagra Awas Yojana   SAY  1998
 Easy access to sanitation, drinking water and waste disposal


Kudumbashree (1998)

• Female oriented poverty reduction scheme
• Launched at Kottakkunnu in malappuram by Prime minister A B Vajpayee.
• The largest women movement in Asia with a membership of 41 lakhs representing equal number of families.

Antyodaya Anna Yojana(2000)

• It was launched by NDA government in 25 December 2000.
• It is on the look out for the 'poorest of the poor'  by providing them 35 kilograms of rice and wheat at Rs.3 & Rs.2 per kg. respectively.
• 1.5 crore families are benefited

Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana(2001)
Aims to provide employment and food to people in rural areas who lived below the poverty line.
Combination of Employment Assurance Scheme (EAS) and Jawahar Samridhi Yojana (JGSY).

valmiki ambedkar awas yojana (2001)
 facilitating the construction and up-gradation of dwelling units for urban slum dwellers living below the poverty line without adequate shelter.

National food for work Programme(14 November 2004)

 The programme is open to all rural poor who are prepared to do manual, unskilled labour. It is implemented as a centrally-sponsored scheme. Food grains are provided to the States[clarification needed] free of cost.The transportation cost, handling charges, and taxes on foodgrains will, however, be the responsibility of the States.
Now that the NREGA is in force, the NFFWP will be subsumed within this programme


Bharat Nirmaan (2005)
For creating basic rural infrastructure.
It comprises projects on irrigation, roads (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana), housing (Indira Awaas Yojana), water supply (National Rural Drinking Water Programme), electrification (Rajiv Gandhi Grameen Vidyutikaran Yojana) and telecommunication connectivity.

National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (2005)

• Later renamed as the "Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee Act" (or, MGNREGA)
• Aims to provide at least 100 days of wage employment in a financial year to every household
• whose adult members volunteer to do unskilled manual work.
• If work is not provided within 15 days of applying, applicants are entitled to an unemployment allowance.
• In its World Development Report 2014, the World Bank termed it a "stellar example of rural development".

Pradhan Mantri Adarsh Gram Yojana: PMAGY (2009)
 for the development of villages having a higher ratio of scheduled castes.
  launched by Union Social Justice and Empowerment Minister Mukul Wasnik


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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA : Role of Press in Renaissance : KERALA PSC NOTES

Hello reader,

In this post we will go through the role of press in renaissance of Kerala. 

1. Rajyasamacharam :1847
2. Malayala Manorama :1888
3. Bhashaposhini :1892
4. Vivekodayam:1904
5. Swadeshabhimani: 1905
6. Kerala koumudi  : 1911 
7. Mithavadi: 1913
8. Mathrubhumi : 1922 
9. GajaKesary :1927
10. Al- Ameen :1929
11. Yukthivadi:1929 
12. Sathyavadi :1934 
13. Chandrika :1934
14. Pradeepam
15. Prabhatam

Rajyasamacharam: 1847

• ‘Rajyasamacharam’ served as the beginning of journalism in Kerala.
• It was published from Illikkunnu, Thalassery and started by missionaries of Basel Mission.
• ‘Paschimodayam" was a malayalam magazine started by the Basel Mission to familiarize the malayalees with the history and geography of the Europe and progress and development achieved in Europe in the fields of administration and science.

Malayala Manorama :1888
It holds a position as the fifth most circulating newspaper in the world.
It is the fourth largest circulating newspapers in India.
Largest circulating newspaper in Kerala.

Bhashaposhini :1892
It is one of the oldest Malayalam literary review magazines.
The founder editor was Kandathil Varugheese Mappillai.

Vivekodayam:1904
Malayalam literary journal established to serve as a voice of the Ezhavas and SNDP.
Popularly referred to as the Ezhava Gazette
It was founded by Kumaran Asan under the inspiration of Swami Vivekananda.
Asan's criticized three contemporary Mahakavyam's Chitrayogam by Vallathol, Umakeralam by Ulloor and Rugmangadacharitam by Pandalam Kerala Varma for blindly following Sanskrit norms, through Vivekodayam.


Swadeshabhimani: 1905
A newspaper published in Travancore, which was banned and confiscated by the Government of Travancore in 1910 due to its criticisms against the Diwan of Travancore, P.Rajagopalachari.
Founder : Vakkom Moualvi
Editors: C P Govinda Pillai, after him Swadeshabhimani Ramakrishna Pillai.


Kerala koumudi  : 1911
Founded by C. V. Kunhiraman


Mithavadi: 1913
Founder: C Krishnan
Mithavadi was the "Bible" of the socially depressed. Published for the first time, the famous poem by the Sri Kumaranasan, the ‘Veenapoovu’

C Krishnan organised "Thali Road Strike".
He was also the founder of Calicut Bank in 1909
He started Mahabodhi Buddha Mission and campaigned to convert the Ezhavas to Buddhism. 


Mathrubhumi : 1923
founded by K. P. Kesava Menon

Gajakesari :1927
‘Gajakesari’ was a magazine published  by Swami Guruprasad, disciple of Sree Narayana Guru, with the financial assistance of Burman Malayalees. Moorkoth Kumaran was the editor of this magazine.

Al- Ameen :1929
Founded by Muhammad Abdur Rahiman.
The paper aimed to strengthen the freedom movement and nurture nationalism among the Muslims of Malabar.
 The paper was finally close down in 1939 by the British authorities.

Yukthivadi:1929
The first rationalist/atheist journal published.
Editorial board of M. Ramavarma Thampan, C. Krishnan, C. V. Kunhiraman, Sahodaran Ayyappan and M.C. Joseph(main)

Sathyavadi :1934
Moorkoth Kumaran was the editor of the ‘satyavadi’ magazine, under the ownership of Sri M. Mandan. As a local news paper, it covered news items and editorials related to the happenings in Kannur District.

Chandrika :1934
Started by K.M. Seethi Sahib

Pradeepam: first evening newspaper in Malayalam; founded by Theruvath Raman;

Prabhatam: brought out by EMS Namboothirippad.


Feel free to leave your comments or corrections.
Thanks for  your visit.!! :)

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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Literary Figures : KERALA PSC NOTES

Hello,

In this article we will discuss about some great Literary Figures from Kerala who contributed to the   renaissance in Kerala.

The area about which Kerala PSC frequently ask questions are tried to include here.The list is incomplete. I will keep on update. You can also contribute valuable information. 

TOPICS COVERED

1. Cherusseri Namboothiri(1375 - 1475 )
2. Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan(1495-?)
3. Kunchan nambiyar (1705-1770)
4. KeralaVarma Valiya Koil Thampuran (1845 -1914)
5. O Chandu Menon (1847–99)
6. Kodungalloor Kunjikuttan Thampuran (1868 -1914)
7. Mooloor S. Padmanābha Panicker (1869 -1931)
8. Kumaran Ashan ( 1873 – 1924)
9. Vallathol Narayana Menon (1878 – 1958)
10. Pandalam Kerala Varma(1879-1919)
11. Kandathil Varghese mappilai (1857 -1904)
12. G Sankara Kurup (1901 -1976)
13. P Keshav Dev (1904-1983)
14. Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer (1908 –  1994)
15. Ponkunnam Varkey (1910-2004)
16. Changampuzha (1911-1948)
17. Thakazhi Shiva Sankara Pillai(1912-1999)
18. S K Pottekkatt (1913 -1982)

Cherusseri Namboothiri(1375 - 1475 )
Author of the famous poem Krishna Gatha, which is used for daily recitation as an act of worship of Krishna during the Malayalam month Chingam.

Thunchaththu Ezhuthachan(1495-?)
Known as the father of Malayalam language.
He translated the two Hindu epics, the Ramayana and Mahabharata, to Malayalam for the common man with the mingling of the Sanskrit and Dravidian languages
Ezhuthachan's other major contribution has been in establishing an (51 character) alphabet system equivalent to Sanskrit instead of Vattezhuthu, the 30-letter script of Malayalam
The highest literary honour instituted by the Kerala Government is known as the "Ezhuthachan Award"
Theekkadal Kadannu Thirumadhuram (2004) by C. Radhakrishnan: a novel written by C. Radhakrishnan that sketched Ezhuthachan’s life and journeyed through the emotions he must have gone through.

Kunchan Nambiyar (1705-1770)
Famous  Malayalam poet, performer, satirist and the inventor of  Ottamtullal

KeralaVarma Valiya Koil Thampuran (1845 -1914)
Known as KERALA KALIDASAN as he translated Kalidasa's Sakunthalam to Malayalam as Abhijnana Sakunthalam.
Another work “Mayoora Sandesham” was on the line of Kalidasa's MeghaDooth in which he has used the peacocks of Haripad temple to send his messages to his wife, the Maharani, in Trivandrum.
Visakha vijaya was another famous work.
He absorbed selected Western influences and combined with native Sanskritic elements in poetry, drama and prose!
He was a member of Royal  Parappanad Family.

O Chandu Menon (1847–99)
Recipient of prestigious Rao bahadur Award,
Wrote first Malayalam Novel with all Lakshnas, titled Indu Lekha, (First Malayalam Novel was Kundalatha written by Appu Nedumgadi)

Kodungalloor Kunjikuttan Thampuran (1868 -1914)
Known as KERALA VYASA  for his single-handed, word-by-word, metre-by-metre translation of entire Mahabharata within 874 days as Bhasha Bharatam.
Kunjikkuttan Thampuran started two literary movements in Malayalam: Paccha Malayalam (Pure Malayalam) and Puranetihasa Vivartanam . Pacha Malayalam avoided over influence of Sanskrit while Puranetihasa Vivarthanam was Translation of Itihasas and Puranas to Malayalam.
Notable works: “Pachamalayalam ,Puranithihasa vivarthanam, KaviBharatam, Ambopadesham.

Mooloor S. Padmanabha Panicker (1869 -1931)
He is known as “Sarasa Kavi”
Notable work: Kavi-Ramayanam,  deemed to be the motivational force behind the 1936 Temple Entry Proclamation.
Built Mezhuveli Anandabhootheshawara Temple


Kumaran Ashan ( 1873 – 1924)
Got title as MAHAKAVI from madras university. Kumaranasan was the only poet in Malayalam who became mahakavi without writing a mahakavyam.
Disciple of Sri Narayana Guru.
Became SNDP Secretary in 1903
Worked in Vivekodayam Newspaper


Ulloor S Parameswara Iyyar (1877-1949)
One of the Triumvirate poets , along with  Ashan and Vallathol
Works: Pingala, Karnabhooshanam, Bhakthideepika.


Vallathol Narayana Menon (1878 – 1958)
Became GREAT POET after the work maha kavya Chitra Yogam
Famous work : Ente Guru Nathan
Ulloor published his mahakavya Umakeralam , the second maha kavyam in Malayalam.


Pandalam Kerala Varma(1879-1919)
The author of the first complete mahakavya in Malayalam titled Rukmamgadacharitham
He was the owner and Chief Editor of Kavana Kaumudi, the first Malayalam periodical, which was also the first to introduce special issues in Malayalam.


Kandathil Varghese mappilai (1857 -1904)
He is the founder of Bhashaposhini Sabha, ‘ Bhashaposhini’ magazine and Malayala Manorama.
‘Abrayakutty’, an independent drama, Malayalam translation of William Shaekspeare’s drama ‘Taming of the Shrew, ‘Keerthanamala were some of the contributions by him for Malayalam Literature.


G Sankara Kurup (1901 -1976)
The first winner of the Jnanpith Award, India's highest literary award, for his renowned work Odakuzhal in 1965.
With part of the prize money he established the literary award Odakkuzhal.


P Keshav Dev (1904-1983)
Central Academy award winner for “Ayalkkar”.
Autobiography:  Ethirppu
Notable works: Odayil Ninnu, Nadhi, Bhrandalayam.
One of the exponents of progressive Malayalam Literature along with Basheer and Thakazhi.

Vaikkom Muhammad Basheer (1908 –  1994)
Recipient of Padma award.
Calicut university honoured him with title of  “Doctor of letters”.

Ponkunnam Varkey (1910-2004)
Bagged Vallathol Award and Ezhuthachan Award.


Changampuzha (1911-1948)
Renowned for his work titled Ramanan which was based on the life of Edappalli Raghavan pillai.


Thakazhi Shiva Sankara Pillai(1912-1999)
Known as “Kerala Mopasang”
Recipient of Jnanapith Award for the epic  Novel “Kayar”
Also bagged Kendriya Sahitya Academy award for the novel “Chemmeen”
Kainikkara Kumara Pillai was his Guru
His work “Thottiyude makan” is considered as first new Generation Novel.
 Thakazhi (film) is a documentary on Thakazhi made by M. T. Vasudevan Nair


S K Pottekkatt (1913 -1982)
Bagged jnanpitham award for this work “Oru deshathinte Katha”
Received Kerala Sahitya Academy award for “Oru Theruvinte Katha”which was written based on the story of Mittai Theruvu (S.M. Street) in Kozhikode.

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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Socio-Religious reform Movements : KERALA PSC NOTES

Hello,

In this article we will discuss about some socio-religious movement which were emerged as part of renaissance in Kerala. Remember, this part is VERY important in any kerala PSC examination.

TOPICS COVERED:

1. Samathwa samajam:1836
2. Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam :1903
3. Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham:1906
4. Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham: 1907
5. Yoga kshema Movement: 1908
6. Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha: 1909
7. Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha : 1912
8. Nair Service Socety: 1914
9. Yukthivaadi Sangham :1935

Here we go.!!

Samathwa samajam:1836
 Ayya Vaikundar (Vaikunda swamikal) founded Samathwa samajam for reform of nadar community.

He organized SAMA PANTHI BHOJANA in each and every place of worship in the name of ANNA DHANAM.

Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam :1903
•    1903 May 15 :The S.N.D.P. Yogam came into existence  under the guidance of Sri Narayana Guru
•    1904:Its first annual session held  at Aruvippuram ,Trivandrum
•    The basic aim of  was to popularize Guru’s messages and bring about the social regeneration of the Ezhavas and other backward communities.
•    Dr. Palpu and Kumaran Asan were active leaders.
•    Some Newspapers also helped to spread Gurus’s message of social reform.
 Eg: Sujananandini NewsPaper :1891 (Published by Paravoor Kesavanasan)       Kerala Kaumudi 1911-(Started by KV Kunhiraman)Yogadaanam is a well known publication from SNDP


Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham:1906
Vakkom Abdul Khader Moulavi established Islam Dharma Paripalana Sangham for the reform of Muslims.

Sadhujana Paripalana Sangham: 1907
Ayyankali’s Sathujana Paripalana Sangham  was established for education for Dalits with the support of government of Travancore.

Thomas Vaidyar was given the responsibility of organization correspondence.

SJPS published a monthly magazine, Sadhujana Paripalini, the first ever magazine to be brought out by the Dalit community. Kali Chodikkuruppan was the founder editor.

Later this sangham  became  Pulaya Mahasabha.

Yoga kshema Movement: 1908
Slogan:  “Make Namboothiri a human being”.

Aim: the  marriage  of  all  the  junior Namboothiri males within the community itself, to popularise the study of English and to abolish the  purdah  system  from Namboothiri females

Leaders: E.M.S. Namboothiripad and V.T.Bhattatiripad.
"Unni Namboothiri" was a famous publication from Yoga kshema Sabha.


Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha:1909
Prathyaksha Raksha Daiva Sabha ("God's Church of Visible Salvation") was a Dalit religious protest movement founded at Eraviperoor, Pathanamthitta  by Poikayil Yohannan.

The PRDS rejected both Christianity and Hinduism, and preached that God would send an incarnation to liberate the Dalits.

They spread message to leave superstitious beliefs, and to stop practicing black magic and sacrificing the animals
Vaala Samudaya Parishkarani Sabha : 1912
Fishermen community reform society.

It was organized under Pandit K P Karuppan, the "Lincoln" of Kerala"

Leaders: N Krishnan, VV Velukkuttty Arayan and rao Bahadur VV Govindan

Initially it was a small group called kalyana dayini sabha

Aim: abolish outdated customs, spread discipline, hygiene , education and freedom of movement.

Nair Service Socety: 1914
Founded by: Mannathu padmanabhan on October 31, 1914
Inspiration: “Servants of Indian Society” by GK Gokhale
Areas: Reform Nair society, abolition of Talikettukalyanam, Tirandukuli, untouchability, joint family system

Sahodara Sangham :1917
Founded by the noted Ezhava leader, K.Ayyappan(also known as Sahodaran Ayyappan) at Cherai, Kochi in 1917

Aim: eradication of the evils of caste and popularizing the idea of misra-bhojanam   among  the Ezhavas  and other  castes considered  inferior to them .

Yukthivadi Sangham  :1935
Yukthivadi Sangham was registered at Cochin M. C. Joseph as secretary and Panampilly Govinda Menon as treasurer. M C Joseph was the sole editor-publisher of "Yukthivaadi" Magazine by Sahodara Sangham.
The existing Kerala Yukthivadi Sangham (KYS) was formed at Kozikode in 1969 May Adv. M. Prabha as president and P.S. Raman Kutty as Secretary



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Kindly leave your feedback.!!!
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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Struggles and Social Revolts : KERALA PSC NOTES

RENAISSANCE IN KERALA :Struggles and Social Revolts

Hello reader,

In this post we will discuss some of the struggles and social revolts happened as  part of renaissance in Kerala. 

Short notes on following events are provided in this post:

1. Kurichya Revolt : 1812
2. Shanar Agitation: 1859
3. Pandara  Pattam  Proclamation:1865
4. Malayali memorial : 1891
5. Ezhava Memorial :1896
6. Malabar Rebellion(Moplah Rebellion) :1921
7. Wagon tragedy :1921
8. Students' agitation: 1922
9. Vaikom Satyagraham :1924
10. Guruvayoor Stayagraham: 1931-1932
11. Yachana Yathra :1931
12. Nivarthana Agitation: 1932
13. Electricity Agitation  :1936
14. PattiniJatha :1936
15. Kuttamkulam Struggle :1946
16. Punnapra Vayalar Upheaval :1946
17. Paliyam Satyagraham 1948

Kurichya Revolt : 1812

Protest from  Kurichiyas  and Kurumbars of Wynad against  the  British  Government’s  policy  of collecting revenue  from  them  in cash  rather than  in  kind.
 
Shanar Agitation: 1859

The Shanars of South Travancore agitated for their women  to get the same rights to dress as women from upper sections of the Hindus.(Breast cloth agitation).
Col.  Munro permitted  Shanar  women, who converted  to Christianity, to cover their bodies with Kuppayams.
Eventually  the Royal Proclamation of July26, 1859, abolished all restrictions on covering of the upper parts by Shanar women

Pandara  Pattam  Proclamation:1865
 
-    Known as “the Magnacarta  of  the  Travancore  ryots(farmers)”
-    It conferred proprietary rights of Sirkar  Pattam lands to  the holders.

Malayali memorial : 1891
•    Aim: To protest against  the  Government’s policy  to import outside persons,  particularly Tamil Brahmins,  for important posts in the public services even when persons with similar qualifications were available inside the State.
•    G.Parameswaran  Pillai  (Barrister G.P.Pillai),  R.Ranga  Rao and  N.Raman Pillai were  the master brains of this movement. They were expelled from the Maharaja’s College, Trivandrum, in 1882 under suspicion of raising word against Government’s job policy.
•    A memorandum signed  by  10,028  persons from all castes was submitted to the Maharaja Sree Moolam Thirunal on January 1, 1891 requested  to secure jobs for the educated Keralaites in the Travancore civil service. 

• "Travancore for Travancoreans " slogan is related with Malayali memorial.
• Chenkotta Ramayyar took initiative to file in favour of Brahmins and against Malayali memorial

Ezhava Memorial(1896)
-     The Ezhavas and  other backward  communities  were denied  the admission  to Government  schools  or   public services
-    Ezhava community under the leadership of  Dr.Palpu  submitted  a memorial to the Maharaja in 1896 to get same privileges for Ezhavas which were being enjoyed  by  Ezhavas who converted to Christianity.
-    Upon receiving negative response , they submitted  second “Ezhava Memorial” to  Lord  Curzon,  the Viceroy  of India, during his visit to Trivandrum in 1900. This memorial also faced failure. 

Malabar Rebellion(Moplah Rebellion) :1921
Malabar Rebellion  was an armed uprising by Mappila Muslims in 1921 against British authority and Hindus in Malabar.

• Malabar agriculture system was in this hierarchy :  (1)The Jenmi( Nambudiri Brahmins and Nambiar chieftains) were in highest level with hereditary land grants by the Naduvazhis (2) Kanikkaran (Nairs) : for the security and supervision of the land and (3) Verumpattakkaran (Mappilas) who cultivates land for one year lease called verum pattam.
• The 1921 rebellion began as a reaction against a restriction by the British authorities on the Khilafat Movement in the Eranad and Valluvanad taluks .
• The police attempt to arrest Vadakkevittil Muhammed, the secretary of the Khilafat Committee, rumor about attack on Mambaram mosque in Tirurangadi were some other reasons for riots.
• The largely kudiyaan (tenant) Mappilas  attacked , forcibly converted and killed jenmi families.They also attacked and took control of police stations, British government offices, courts and government treasuries.
• The most prominent leaders of the rebellion were Variankunnath Kunjahammad Haji, Sithi Koya Thangal and Ali Musliyar

Wagon tragedy :1921
The Wagon tragedy was the death of 67 prisoners who had been taken into custody following Mappila Rebellion.

• Almost 90 detained Muslim rebels were dispatched by train from Tanur to the Podanur Central Prison. As Podanur jail was found to be full  orders were given to take back the prisoners.
   
•  During the return journey, 67 of the 90 rebels suffocated  to death in the closed iron wagon.
• Historian Sumit Sarkar referred to it as the "Black Hole of Podanur"

Students' agitation: 1922
Students came forward  to oppose a fee hike.  The agitation was  strongly supported by the 'Swarad' paper of A.K.  Pillai

Vaikom Satyagraham :1924
Aim: To get approach  roads  to  the  Vaikam  temple opened  for  Hindu avarnas.
Started on 1924 March 30.

Leaders: T.K.Madhavan,  K.P.KesavaMenon,  Mannath  Padmanabhan, Changanacherry  Parameswaran  Pillai, C.V.Kunhiraman  and  K.Kelappan .

Highlight: Savarna Jatha (by Mannath Padmanabhan) came  to  Trivandrum  and submitted their demand before the Regent Setu Lakshmi Bai.

Gandhi  visited Travancore and discussed with the Rani  and also met Sri.Narayana Guru at Varkala. 

After 20  month old struggle,  the Satyagraha  finally  ended  in success  in  1925 and  approach roads  to the temple were  formally opened  to  all  castes!!

Civil disobedience movement : 1930
Kerala also involved actively in nationwide  Civil disobedience movement invoked by Gandhiji.

• Salt Satyagraha started at Payyannur under the leadership of K. Kelappan  on April 21, 1930. Mohammad Abdur Rahiman, K. Madhavan Nair, P. Krishnapillai and R.V. Sharma led the Satyagraha at Kozhikode.
• Civil disobedience movement came to an end  after Gandhi-Irwin pact was signed on March 4, 1931
• The resumption of civil disobedience movement in 1932, created a strong response in Kerala. When the movement was withdrawn in 1934, a section of congress workers led by  E.M. Sankaran Nambudiripad and P. Krishna Pillai joined the Congress Socialist party.

Guruvayoor Stayagraha: 1931- 1932
Aim: to get the Guruvayur temple, Ponnani taluk, Thrissur  opened  to  all  Hindus  
Satyagrha  Was started under auspices of  Kerala  Provincial Congress .

The  leader  of  the Satyagraha was K.Kelappan who entered indefinite fast

 Captain of  Volunteer  Corps was A.K.Gopalan.

 T.Subramanian Tirumumbu was the captain of the temple  entry  campaign

P.Krishna  Pillai was  brutally assaulted  for ringing a bell in temple.

Guruvayur  Satyagraha failed  to  achieve  its immediate objective, but  helped to create a climate  against untouchability.
Yachana Yathra :1931

Yachana Yathra was led by V.T. Bhattathirippadu in 1931 from Trichur to Chandragiri river which lasted for seven days.

This begging march was for the education of poor children.
Nivarthana Agitation: 1932
Ezhavas, Christians and Muslims demanded for representation in the Legislature in proportion to their numerical strength.

 Travancore Diwan Sir C.P. Ramaswamy Iyer tried to suppress the agitation.

Agitators formed Samyukta  Rashtriya  Samiti and requested the voters to abstain from voting
( Abstention movement).

Kerala Kesari was the mouth piece of Abstention movement.

New electoral  law giving reservation for minorities was formally announced by the Government in August  1936.

Leaders :N.V.Joseph,  T.M.Varghese  and C.Kesavan

Electricity Agitation  :1936
 Protest  against  the  decision of Diwan Sir R.K.Shanmukham  Chetti  to  entrust  the distribution of the electric power in the town to private company

Leaders were  E.Ikkanda  Warrier  and Dr.A.R.Menon.
PattiniJatha :1936

PattiniJatha’ was led by A.K. Gopalan in July 1936 from Kannur to Chennai. There were 32 persons in the March.
Temple Entry Proclamation : 1936
Sri Chitra Tirunal Balarama Varma, the Maharaja of Travancore, issued Temple Entry Proclamation on  November  12,  1936.

Gandhiji hailed it as “a micracle of modern  times” and  “a  smriti  which  is  the people’s charter of spiritual emancipation”

The  Temple  Entry Authorisation Proclamation V of (1947-48) issued by the Maharaja of Cochin opened the  temples  in  that  State  to  all  castes.

The  Madras  Temple Entry Act of 1947 extended this reform to the Malabar area.


Kuttamkulam Struggle :1946

Kuttamkulam struggle  „Vazzhinadakkal Samaram‟; was started as a protest  against untouchability in  to the premise of the Kudalmanikyam  temple.

The caste organizations like S N D P, Samastha Cochin  Pulaya Mahasabha, the political parties like  Prajamandalam,  Labour  Organizations,  Beedi  workers  organizations
protested  against  this  injustice.  

The people united  under the leadership of  P. K. Kumaran Master, Saratha  Kumaran, K .V. Unni and P.K.Chathan Master.

Finally the untouchable’s classes got the right to walk  along  the  kuttamkulam  road!
Punnapra Vayalar Upheaval :1946

The September 1946 there occurred the  Punnapra Vayalar Upheaval against the ‘American Model’ irremovable executive.

The American Model was proposed by Sir C. P. Ramaswami Ayyar.
Paliyam Satyagraham (1948)
To get open the the road in front of the main residence of the Paliat Achan, the erstwhile hereditary Chief Minister of Cochin for Avarnas.

Even the princes of the royal families of Cochin and Kodungallur supported it.

A.G.Velayudhan , a freedom fighter ,was killed in a police lathi-charge

Meanwhile in April  1948 all temples in Cochin  were thrown open to all  Hindus,  irrespective of caste.  As a result the Avarnas  and non-  Hindus  got the right to walk along the paliyam road.




Still want to add more details?? Feel free to comment it here.!!
Knowledge has to be shared.!! :)

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RENAISSANCE IN KERALA : SHORT NOTES

Hello Reader,

In this post we will discuss some interesting events in the History of Kerala. Each event is written in short note so that it will be easy to  prepare for various  Kerala P.S.C Examinations.

Image courtesy : The Internet :)

Ready.!!! Steady!! Go.!!!


Synod (പുരോഹിതസഭ) of  Diamper  (Udayamperur) : 1599

• The aim of this Synod  was to bring  the Christian  community  under  the  supremacy  of  the  Roman church.
•     Alexis De Menezes, the Archbishop  of Goa, presided the synod. 
•     The Synod scrutinized Syrian books and removed offending passages. They prohibited the use of many heretic books like “The Infancy of our Savior (The History of our Lady)”,” Book of John Barialdan “
•     The Cochin Diocese (ബിഷപ്പിന്റെ അധികാരപ്രദേശം) followed the Latin rite(അനുഷ്‌ഠാനം) and the old Syrian Diocese of Ankamali clung to the Syriac rite .

Revolt at the Coonan Cross : 1653

• Syrians were unhappy on Portugal king’s decision to  appoint  European Latin Bishops to the Syrian diocese of Ankamali. 
• In 1653  the Jacobite Patriarch of Babylon sent  a Bishop  named Ahatalla,  to Kerala, in  response  to  a  request  by  the  Syrians. The  Portuguese detained him  on  his  way at Mylapore .
• The excited Syrians assembled in thousands  in  front  of  an  ancient  Cross  in Mattancherri,  tied  a  lengthy  rope  on it  and holding on to it swore that they would never more obey the Latin Archbishop or the Jesuits. This is known in history as the “Oath of the Coonan Cross”. 
• This revolt  led to the emergence of two distinct sections among the Christians:  Pazhayakuru , the Romo-Syrians who continued to owe allegiance  to  the  Church  of  Rome, and  the Puthankuru,  the Jacobite Syrians who denounced the authority of the Pope.

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Sri Narayana Dharma Paripalana Yogam :1903

•  1903  :The S.N.D.P. Yogam came into existence  under the inspiration of Sri Narayana Guru
•  1904:Its first annual session held  at Aruvipuram 
•  The basic aim of the Yogam was to popularise the message of Sri Narayana Guru and bring about the social regeneration of the Ezhavas and other backward communities.
•  Dr. Palpu and Kumaran Asan were active leaders in yogam.
•  Some Newspapers helped to spread Narayana gurus’s message of social reform.
•  Eg: Sujananandini NewsPaper :1891 (-    Published by Paravoor Kesavanasan)      Kerala Kaumudi 1911-(Started by KV Kunhiraman)

Sahodar Sangham :1917
 

Founded by the noted Ezhava leader, K.Ayyappan at Cherai in 1917
 
 Aim: eradication of the evils of caste and popularizing the idea of misra-bhojanam  (inter-dining)  among  the Ezhavas  and other  castes considered  inferior to them .
 

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HOW TO ENABLE WHATSAPP CALL

Hello friend,

In this post I want to share how to enable Whatsapp Calls.

Whatsapp is now providing seamless voice calls but it has been limited by the company to a few latest  versions of the application
 This feature is limited to  Android devices only.(one minute silence for windows users!!)

Update your whatsapp to the most latest . i.e. 2.11.528/531 from the Web to your device
The voice call feature will be downloaded but will be locked.!!
But in order to enable this feature you have to receive at least one whatsapp call from other number which has enabled this feature

ENJOY the fullest..!!  :)

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